“Deir al-Asad”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Deir al-Asad ({{lang-he-n|דֵיר אֶל-אַסַד}}; {{lang-ar|دير الأسد}}) is an Arab town in the Galilee region of Israel, near Karmiel.^[1] In 2003, the municipality of Deir al-Asad merged with Majd al-Krum and Bi'ina to form the city of Shaghur. However, it was reinstated in 2008 after Shaghur was dissolved.^[1] In {{Israel populations|Year}} it had a population of {{Israel populations|Deir Al-asad}}.{{Israel populations|reference}}

Etymology

History

In the Crusader period, the immediate region operated as a fiefdom, known as St. George de la Beyne.^[3]

Ottoman era

Based on an account written by the Muslim biographer al-Muḥibbi in 1569, Deir al-Asad was first settled by Muslims during the reign of the Ottoman Sultan, Suleiman I, who gave the site to the sufi sage, Muḥammad al-Assad al-Ṣafadi.^[4] The village, built near the town of Bi'ina, was first named Dayr al-Hadr,^[4] and it possessed a large fortified monastery known as St. George.^[5] The site's earlier Christian inhabitants allegedly relocated in nearby Bi'ina, where they built a new monastery, giving to it the same name as the former.^[5] The site is named in honor of Muḥammad al-Assad al-Ṣafadi.

In 1838, Deir el-Asad was noted as a village in the Esh-Shagur district, which was located between Safad, Acca and Tiberias.^[6]

Deir al-Asad and nearby Bi'ina were both inhabited by members of the Druze community when Victor Guérin visited in the 1875,^[7] but by the late 1870s, they had emigrated to the Hauran to avoid conscription by the Ottoman army.^[8]

In the Palestine Exploration Fund's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) in 1881, Deir al-Asad was described as a village of 600 Muslims, containing a few ruins of the original Christian settlement. It was surrounded by olive-trees and arable land, with a spring nearby.^[9]

A population list from about 1887 showed that Deir al-Asad had about 725 inhabitants; all Muslims.^[10]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Dair al-Asad had a population of 749, all Muslim,^[11] increasing in the 1931 census to 858, still all Muslims, living in total of 179 houses.^[12]

By the 1945 statistics, Deir el Asad had 1,100 inhabitants, all Muslims.^[13] They owned a total of 8,366 dunams of land, while 7 dunams were public.^[14] 1,322 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 1,340 used for cereals,^[15] while 38 dunams were built-up (urban) land.^[16]

1948, and aftermath

The town is mostly populated by the Asadi, Dabbah and Musa families.{{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Before 1962 the village of Deir al-Asad was self-sufficient in food. It produced enough meat, fruit, wheat and vegetables for itself and sold the surplus in Acre or Nazareth. In 1962 its land in the Majd al-Kurum valley was confiscated for the Karmiel town project, and the village was thereby stripped of its most fertile acres. Only the hill land to the north, consisting mainly of olive groves, remained. This confiscation of land ruined the economy of Deir al-Asad. Today only 10% of the labour force can work on the land, over 80% have to commute daily to the factories of Haifa or work as labourers on Jewish farms.^[17]^[18]

Historic buildings

Crusader abbey and church remains

The large remains of a Crusader times church and abbey was already noted by Guérin and the "Survey of Western Palestine".^[7]^[19] Guérin noted after his 1875 visit that: 'Constructed of small stones very regularly cut, this church had three naves and three apses. Its windows were narrow, and fashioned like actual loopholes, and several details of its architecture show a knowledge of art. Unfortunately the Druses have half demolished it, and what they have spared has been converted into a stable.'^[20] Denys Pringle named it "The abbey Church of St. George," and dated it do the 12th century.^[21]

Mosque and tomb of al-Assad al-Safadi

The mosque and tomb of al-Assad al-Safadi is a two-domed structure, situated about 50 meters south of the Crusader abbey and church remains. Al-Muhibbi, a biographer writing in 1569, told that al-Assad was a Sufi sage, who was settled in the village with his children and followers after Ottoman sultan Suleiman the Magnificent had driven the Christians out. The smaller chamber, to the north, holds the tomb of al-Assad al-Safadi, while the southern, larger chamber holds a prayer hall. To the east there is a courtyard.^[22]

Notable residents

References

1. ^¹Lessons in an Arab Israeli village Dayton Jewish Observer, 24 May 2011
2. ^Palmer, 1881, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp00conduoft#page/42/mode/1up 42]
3. ^Rafael Frankel, (1988). "Topographical Notes on the Territory of Acre in the Crusader Period", in Israel Exploration Journal, vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 249-272
4. ^¹Petersen, 2001, p. [https://www.academia.edu/21539664/Gazetteer_4_D-J 132]
5. ^¹R. Frankel, N. Getzov, M. Aviam, & A. Degani, Settlement dynamics and regional diversity in ancient Upper Galilee: archaeological survey of Upper Galilee, IAA Reports, no. 14, Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA): Jerusalem 2001, p. 136
6. ^Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol. 3, 2nd appendix, p. [https://archive.org/stream/biblicalresearch03robiuoft#page/133/mode/1up 133]
7. ^¹Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n459/mode/1up 446]
8. ^Firro, 1992, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=usEUXYnYWxAC&pg=PA166 166]
9. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/150/mode/1up 150]
10. ^Schumacher, 1888, p. [https://archive.org/stream/quarterlystateme19pale#page/n199/mode/1up 174]
11. ^Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Acre, p. [https://archive.org/stream/PalestineCensus1922/Palestine%20Census%20%281922%29#page/n38/mode/1up 36]
12. ^Mills, 1932, p. [https://archive.org/details/CensusOfPalestine1931.PopulationOfVillagesTownsAndAdministrativeAreas 100]
13. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 4
14. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970 p. 40.
15. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 80
16. ^Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 130
17. ^Gilmour, 1983, p. 108.
18. ^Amun, Davis, and San´allah, 1977, pp. 4–5.
19. ^Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/153/mode/1up 153]
20. ^Guérin, 1880, p. [https://archive.org/stream/descriptiongogr01unkngoog#page/n459/mode/1up 446], as translated by Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. [https://archive.org/stream/surveyofwesternp01conduoft#page/168/mode/1up 168]
21. ^Pringle, 1993, pp. [https://books.google.com/books?id=BgQ6AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA80 80] -92
22. ^Petersen, 2001, pp. [https://www.academia.edu/21539664/Gazetteer_4_D-J 131-132]
23. ^[https://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.geocities.com/athens/delphi/2549/darwish.html&date=2009-10-25+12:52:16 GeoCities] Mahmoud Darwish Biography. Sameh Al-Natour.