“Carcharhiniformes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Carcharhiniformes, the ground sharks, with over 270 species, are the largest order of sharks. They include a number of common types, such as catsharks, swellsharks, and the sandbar shark.

Members of this order are characterized by the presence of a nictitating membrane over the eye, two dorsal fins, an anal fin, and five gill slits.

The families in the order Carcharhiniformes are expected to be revised; recent DNA studies show that some of the conventional groups are not monophyletic.

Families

Family

Image

Common name

Genera

Species

Description

Carcharhinidae

Requiem sharks

Requiem sharks are migratory, live-bearing sharks of warm seas (sometimes of brackish or fresh water) such as the tiger shark, the blue shark, the bull shark, and the milk shark. The usual carcharhiniform characteristics include round eyes and pectoral fins that are completely behind five gill slits. Most species are viviparous, the young being born fully developed. They vary widely in size, from as small as {{convert|69|cm|ft|abbr=on}} adult length in the Australian sharpnose shark, up to {{convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} adult length in the tiger shark.^[3] Requiem sharks are responsible for a large proportion of attacks on humans.

Hemigaleidae

Weasel sharks

Weasel sharks are found from the eastern Atlantic Ocean to the continental Indo-Pacific in shallow coastal waters to a depth of 100 m (330 ft).^[4] Most species are small, reaching no more than 1.4 m long (4.6 ft), though the snaggletooth shark (Hemipristis elongatus) may reach 2.4 m (7.9 ft). They have horizontally oval eyes, small spiracles, and precaudal pits. Two dorsal fins occur, with the base of the first placed well forward of the pelvic fins. The caudal fin has a strong ventral lobe and undulations on the dorsal lobe margin. They feed on a variety of small bony fishes and invertebrates; at least two species specialize on cephalopods. They are not known to have attacked people.^[5]

Leptochariidae

Barbeled houndsharks

The only species of barbeled houndshark is Leptocharias smithii. It is a demersal species found in the coastal waters of the eastern Atlantic Ocean from Mauritania to Angola, at depths of {{convert|10|-|75|m|ft|abbr=on}}. It favours muddy habitats, particularly around river mouths. The barbeled houndshark is characterized by a very slender body, nasal barbels, long furrows at the corners of the mouth, and sexually dimorphic teeth. Its maximum known length is {{convert|82|cm|in|abbr=on}}. Likely strong-swimming and opportunistic, the barbeled houndshark has been known to ingest bony fishes, invertebrates, fish eggs, and even inedible objects. It is viviparous, with females bearing litters of seven young; the developing embryos are sustained by a unique globular placental structure. The IUCN has assessed the barbeled houndshark as near threatened, as heavy fishing pressure occurs throughout its range and it is used for meat and leather.

Proscylliidae

Finback catsharks

Pseudotriakidae

False catsharks

False catsharks are a small family containing false catsharks and gollumsharks. It contains the only ground shark species to exhibit intrauterine oophagy, in which developing fetuses are nourished by eggs produced by their mother.^[6]

Scyliorhinidae

Catsharks

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Catsharks are distinguished by their elongated, cat-like eyes and two small dorsal fins set far back. They usually have a patterned appearance, ranging from stripes to patches to spots. Most are fairly small, growing no longer than {{convert|80|cm|in|abbr=on}}; a few, such as the nursehound, can reach {{convert|1.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} in length. They are found in temperate and tropical seas worldwide, ranging from shallow intertidal waters to depths of {{convert|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more, depending on species.^[7] They feed on invertebrates and smaller fish. Some species are aplacental viviparous, but most lay eggs in tough egg cases with curly tendrils at each end, known as mermaid's purses. The swell sharks of the genus Cephaloscyllium fill their stomachs with water or air when threatened, increasing their girth by a factor of two to three. Some catsharks are called dogfish.

Sphyrnidae

Hammerhead sharks

Hammerhead sharks are named for the unusual and distinctive structure of their heads, which are flattened and laterally extended into a "hammer" shape called a cephalofoil. Many, not necessarily mutually exclusive, functions have been proposed for the cephalofoil, including sensory reception, manoeuvring, and prey manipulation. Hammerheads are found worldwide in warmer waters along coastlines and continental shelves. Unlike most sharks, hammerheads usually swim in schools during the day, becoming solitary hunters at night.

Triakidae

Houndsharks

Houndsharks are distinguished by large spineless dorsal fins, an anal fin, and oval eyes with nictitating eyelids. They are small to medium in size, ranging from {{convert|37|to|220|cm|ft|abbr=on}} in adult length. They are found throughout the world in warm and temperate waters, where they feed on fish and invertebrates on the sea bed and in midwater.^[8]

Timeline of genera

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bar:eratop bar:space bar:periodtop bar:space bar:NAM1 bar:NAM2 bar:NAM3 bar:NAM4 bar:NAM5 bar:NAM6 bar:NAM7 bar:NAM8 bar:NAM9 bar:NAM10 bar:NAM11 bar:NAM12 bar:NAM13 bar:NAM14 bar:NAM15 bar:NAM16 bar:NAM17 bar:NAM18 bar:NAM19 bar:NAM20 bar:NAM21 bar:NAM22 bar:NAM23 bar:NAM24 bar:NAM25 bar:NAM26 bar:NAM27

align:center textcolor:black fontsize:M mark:(line,black) width:25 shift:(7,-4) bar:periodtop from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:Early from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:Middle from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:Late from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

bar:eratop from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

color:latejurassic bar:NAM1 from:-152.57 till:-150.8 text:Macrourogaleus color:earlycretaceous bar:NAM2 from:-103.7 till:0 text:Scyliorhinus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM3 from:-93.5 till:-89.3 text:Pterolamiops color:latecretaceous bar:NAM4 from:-93.5 till:-70.6 text:Paratriakis color:latecretaceous bar:NAM5 from:-84.27 till:-65.5 text:Pteroscyllium color:latecretaceous bar:NAM6 from:-83.5 till:-70.6 text:Archaeotriakis color:latecretaceous bar:NAM7 from:-83.5 till:-58.7 text:Palaeogaleus color:latecretaceous bar:NAM8 from:-74.9 till:-68.9 text:Squatigaleus color:paleocene bar:NAM9 from:-65.5 till:-33.9 text:Abdounia color:paleocene bar:NAM10 from:-65.5 till:0 text:Triakis color:paleocene bar:NAM11 from:-56.0 till:-15.97 text:Physogaleus color:eocene bar:NAM12 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:Pachygaleus color:eocene bar:NAM13 from:-55.8 till:-48.6 text:Premontreia color:eocene bar:NAM14 from:-55.8 till:-37.2 text:Eogaleus color:eocene bar:NAM15 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Carcharhinus color:eocene bar:NAM16 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Galeocerdo color:eocene bar:NAM17 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Hemipristis color:eocene bar:NAM18 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Isogomphodon color:eocene bar:NAM19 from:-55.8 till:-0.0117 text:Megascyliorhinus color:eocene bar:NAM20 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Mustelus color:eocene bar:NAM21 from:-55.8 till:0 text:Rhizoprionodon color:eocene bar:NAM22 from:-48.6 till:0 text:Negaprion color:miocene bar:NAM23 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Chaenogaleus color:miocene bar:NAM24 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Galeorhinus color:miocene bar:NAM25 from:-23.03 till:0 text:Paragaleus color:miocene bar:NAM26 from:-15.97 till:0 text:Sphyrna color:pliocene bar:NAM27 from:-5.332 till:0 text:Prionace

bar:period from: -199.6 till: -175.6 color:earlyjurassic text:Early from: -175.6 till: -161.2 color:middlejurassic text:Middle from: -161.2 till: -145.5 color:latejurassic text:Late from: -145.5 till: -99.6 color:earlycretaceous text:Early from: -99.6 till: -65.5 color:latecretaceous text:Late from: -65.5 till: -55.8 color:paleocene text:Paleo. from: -55.8 till: -33.9 color:eocene text:Eo. from: -33.9 till: -23.03 color:oligocene text:Oligo. from: -23.03 till: -5.332 color:miocene text:Mio. from: -5.332 till: -2.588 color:pliocene text:Pl. from: -2.588 till: -0.0117 color:pleistocene text:Pl. from: -0.0117 till: 0 color:holocene text:H.

bar:era from: -199.6 till: -145.5 color:jurassic text:Jurassic from: -145.5 till: -65.5 color:cretaceous text:Cretaceous from: -65.5 till: -23.03 color:paleogene text:Paleogene from: -23.03 till: -2.588 color:neogene text:Neogene from: -2.588 till: 0 color:quaternary text:Q.

References

1. ^{{FishBase_order|order=Carcharhiniformes|year=2009|month=January}}
2. ^Fish Identification: Ground sharks FishBase. Retrieved 28 March 2013.
3. ^Compagno, L.J.V. Family Carcharhinidae - Requiem sharks in Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2010. FishBase. World Wide Web electronic publication, version (05/2010).
4. ^{{FishBase family|family=Hemigaleidae|year=2011|month=February}}
5. ^Compagno, Leonard J. V. (1984) Sharks of the World: An Annotated and Illustrated Catalogue of Shark Species Known to Date. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization. {{ISBN|92-5-101384-5}}.
6. ^{{FishBase family | family = Pseudotriakidae| month = December| year = 2012}}
7. ^{{FishBase family|family=Scyliorhinidae|year=2009|month=January}}
8. ^{{FishBase_family|family=Triakidae|year=2009|month=January}}

Further references

External links

5 : Carcharhiniformes|Articles which contain graphical timelines|Extant Early Cretaceous first appearances|Cartilaginous fish orders|Taxa named by Leonard Compagno