| 词条 | Democratic Labor Party (historical) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Democratic Labor Party | colorcode = {{Australian politics/party colours|Democratic Labor}} | abbreviation = DLP | logo = | founded = 1955 | dissolved = 1978 | split = Australian Labor Party | predecessor = | successor = | headquarters = | newspaper = | youth_wing = | membership = | membership_year = | ideology = Anti-Communism Social Conservatism Democratic Socialism | position = Centre-left | international = | colours = | state = Australia }} The Democratic Labor Party (DLP) was an Australian political party. The party came into existence following the 1955 Labor split as the Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist), was renamed the Democratic Labor Party in 1957 and continued to exist until 1978. HistoryOriginsThe Democratic Labor Party (Anti-Communist) was formed as a result of a split in the Australian Labor Party (ALP) which began in 1954.[1] The split was between the party's national leadership, under the then party leader Dr Evatt, and the majority of the Victorian branch, which was dominated by a faction composed largely of ideologically driven anti-Communist Catholics.[2] Many ALP members during the Cold War period, most but not all Catholics, became alarmed at what they saw as the growing power of the Communist Party within Australia's trade unions. These members formed units within the unions called Industrial Groups to combat this alleged infiltration.[3] The DLP was mostly, although not exclusively, a party of Catholics of Irish descent.[4] [5]Some of its parliamentarians and a significant {{Clarify|date=September 2013}} minority of its voters were non-Catholics.[6] Journalist Don Whitington argued in 1964 that the DLP, as a basically sectarian party, was a most dangerous and distasteful force in Australian politics.[7] Whitington observed that the party was backed by influential sections of the Roman Catholic Church, and that although the party professed to exist primarily to combat communism, it had less commendable reasons behind its coming into being.[7] The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Melbourne, Daniel Mannix, was a DLP supporter, as were other influential clerics. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} The intellectual leader of the Victorian Catholic wing of the ALP (although not actually a party member) {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} was B. A. Santamaria,[8] a Roman Catholic Italian-Australian Melbourne lawyer and lay anti-Communist activist, who acquired the patronage of Dr Mannix.[9] Santamaria headed The Catholic Social Studies Movement (often known as The Movement),[10] modeled on Catholic Action groups in Europe,[11] and, ironically, in organizational terms, upon some of the methods employed by its principal target, the Communist Party of Australia.[12] This group later became the National Civic Council (NCC).[13] Evatt denounced the "Movement" and the Industrial Groups in 1954, alleging they were trying to take over the ALP and turn it into a European-style Christian Democratic party.[14] The split extended to the Victoria State Parliament, where a faction of "Movement" supporters crossed the floor to bring down John Cain's ALP state government.[15] In 1957, the Labor Party split in Queensland following the expulsion of Vince Gair, a conservative Catholic, from the party. He and his followers formed the Queensland Labor Party, which, in 1962, became the Queensland branch of the DLP.[16] At the 1955 ALP national conference in Hobart, Santamaria's parliamentary supporters in the federal and Victorian parliaments were expelled from the ALP and formed the ALP (Anti-Communist), which became the DLP in 1957 and lasted until 1978. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} In New South Wales, the Roman Catholic Archbishop of Sydney, Norman Cardinal Gilroy, the first native-born Australian Roman Catholic prelate, opposed the Movement's tactics and there was no party split in New South Wales. The Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist)'s performance at the 1955 state elections in Victoria, where it obtained 12 per cent of the vote, retaining only one of the dozen Assembly seats it had held, was another factor preventing a similar split in New South Wales. {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} 1950s to 1970sBetween 1955-74 the DLP was able to command a significant vote, particularly in Victoria and Queensland, with their large numbers of Catholics. During the period the DLP held between one and five seats in the Senate (which is elected by proportional representation). The DLP Senate leaders were George Cole (from Tasmania; 1955–1965),[17] Vince Gair (from Queensland; 1965–1973),[18] and Frank McManus (from Victoria; 1973–1974).[19] Other DLP Senators were Condon Byrne (from Queensland), Jack Kane[20] (from New South Wales), and Jack Little, a Protestant (from Victoria). No DLP Senators or state politicians were ever elected in South Australia or Western Australia. Owing largely to demographic reasons, the ALP did not split in these states, although some lay branch members switched to the new party once it had been established. As the ALP and the conservative parties traditionally held approximately equal numbers of seats in the Senate, the DLP was able to use the balance of power in the Senate to extract concessions from Liberal governments, particularly larger government grants to Catholic schools, greater spending on defence and non-recognition of the People's Republic of China. {{Citation needed|date=September 2013}} During this period the DLP exercised influence by directing its supporters to give their second-preferences to Liberal candidates in federal and state elections (see Australian electoral system), thus helping to keep the ALP out of office at the federal level and in Victoria. The DLP vote for the House of Representatives gradually declined during the 1960s, but remained strong enough for the Liberals to continue to need DLP preferences to win close elections. Santamaria's strategy was to keep the ALP out of office until it agreed to his terms for re-unification.{{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} After Evatt's retirement in 1960, his successor Arthur Calwell, a Catholic, tried to bring about a reconciliation between the ALP and the DLP. Negotiations were conducted through intermediaries, and in 1965 a deal was almost done. Three out of four of the ALP's parliamentary leaders agreed to a deal. However, Calwell refused to share power within the party with the DLP leadership on a membership number basis, so the deal failed. Santamaria later claimed that had he accepted, Calwell could have become Prime Minister.[21] Four years later, DLP preferences kept Calwell's successor, Gough Whitlam, from toppling the Coalition despite winning an 18-seat swing and a majority of the two-party vote. Had just four seats in the Melbourne area gone the other way, Whitlam would have won.[22]The DLP's policies were traditional Labor policies such as more spending on health, education and pensions, combined with strident opposition to communism and greater emphasis on defence spending.[23] The DLP strongly supported Australia's participation in the Vietnam War.{{cn|date=June 2018}} From the early 1960s onward, the DLP became increasingly socially conservative, opposing homosexuality, abortion, pornography and drug use. This stand against "permissiveness" appealed to many conservative voters as well as the party's base among Catholics. Some members of the DLP disagreed with this, believing the party should stay focused on anti-communism.[24] The highest DLP vote was 11.11 per cent, which occurred at the 1970 half-senate election. Whitlam and the ALP won government in the 1972 election, bringing the DLP's strategy of keeping the ALP out of power undone.{{cn|date=June 2018}} DemiseIn 1973 it was reported that the Country Party and the DLP were considering a merger. In response, Gough Whitlam said he "would be delighted to see 'the old harlot churched'".[25] In 1974, Whitlam appointed Gair as ambassador to the Republic of Ireland in a successful bid to split the DLP and remove its influence. The DLP lost all its Senate seats at the 1974 election and the party formally wound up in 1978. Soon after, a small group of supporters formed a new Democratic Labor Party, which continues to this day as the Democratic Labour Party (following a name change away from the American spelling).[26] Santamaria continued to exercise considerable influence through the National Civic Council (NCC) until his death in 1998. {{Citation needed|date=August 2013}} 21st century DLPThe modern-day Democratic Labour Party (spelled Democratic Labor Party before a spelling change on 27 June 2013) was successful in electing upper house candidates with low primary votes but high-volume preference flows at the 2006 Victorian state election (2.7 per cent) the 2010 federal election (2.3 per cent in Victoria) and the 2014 Victorian state election with 2.6 per cent. Peter Kavanagh served a four-year term in the Victorian Legislative Council, while John Madigan began his six-year term in the Australian Senate in July 2011. Madigan resigned from the DLP in August 2014. Rachel Carling-Jenkins began a four-year term in the Victorian Legislative Council in 2014, though in 2017 left to join the Australian Conservatives. Historical electoral results{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}House of Representatives
1. ^Robert Murray. The Split. Australian Labor in the fifties, Melbourne, Victoria, F.W. Cheshire (1970); {{ISBN|0-7015-0504-4}} 2. ^Paul Ormonde. The Movement, Melbourne, Victoria, Thomas Nelson (1972); {{ISBN|0-17-001968-3}} 3. ^Bruce Duncan. Crusade or Conspiracy? Catholics and the Anti-Communist Struggle in Australia (2001), University of New South Wales Press; {{ISBN|0-86840-731-3}} 4. ^Lyle Allan. "Irish ethnicity and the Democratic Labor Party", Politics (1988), Vol. 23, #2, pp. 28–34. 5. ^ Joe Sampson. The Democratic Labour Party (DLP) and Bob Santamaria; a talk given at the Melbourne Unitarian Church on 8 July 2014. http://atheism.quantechsolutions.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/The-Democratic-Labour-Party-DLP-and-Bob-Santamaria2.pdf 6. ^Gavan Duffy. Demons and Democrats. 1950s Labor at the Crossroads, Freedom Publishing (2002), p. 54. 7. ^1 Don Whitington. The Rulers. Fifteen Years of the Liberals, Lansdowne Press, Melbourne (1964), pp. 145-146. 8. ^Ross Fitzgerald. The Pope's Battalions. Santamaria, Catholicism and the Labor Split, (University of Queensland Press, 2003) 9. ^Niall Brennan. Dr Mannix, (Rigby, 1964) 10. ^B. A. Santamaria. The Price of Freedom. The Movement - After Ten Years, Melbourne, Victoria, Campion Press (1964). 11. ^Paul Ormonde. "The Movement - Politics by Remote Control" in Paul Ormonde (ed.) Santamaria. The Politics of Fear, Richmond, Victoria, Spectrum Publications (2000); {{ISBN|0-86786-294-7}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/santamaria/interview3.html|title=B.A. Santamaria - Interview Transcript tape 3|publisher=Australianbiography.gov.au|accessdate=25 August 2010}} 13. ^Gerard Henderson. Mr Santamaria and the Bishops, Sydney, NSW, Studies in the Christian Movement (1982); {{ISBN|0-949807-00-1}} 14. ^P.L. Reynolds. The Democratic Labor Party, Milton, Queensland. Jacaranda Publ. (1974); {{ISBN|0-7016-0703-3}} 15. ^Bob Corcoran. "The Manifold Causes of the Labor Split", in Peter Love and Paul Strangio (eds.), Arguing the Cold War, Carlton North, Victoria, Red Rag Publications (2001); {{ISBN|0-9577352-6-X}} 16. ^Frank Mines. Gair, Canberra City, ACT, Arrow Press (1975); {{ISBN|0-909095-00-0}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A130505b.htm?hilite=george%3Bcole|title=Cole, George Ronald (1908–1969) profile at Australian Dictionary of Biography Online|publisher=Adbonline.anu.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2010}} 18. ^{{Cite web|url=http://adbonline.anu.edu.au/biogs/A140269b.htm|title=Gair, Vincent (1901-1980) profile at the Australian Dictionary of Biography Online|publisher=Adbonline.anu.edu.au|accessdate=25 August 2010}} 19. ^Frank McManus. The Tumult and the Shouting, Adelaide, South Australia, Rigby (1977); {{ISBN|0-7270-0219-8}} 20. ^Jack Kane. Exploding the Myths. The Political Memoirs of Jack Kane, North Ryde, NSW, Angus and Robertson (1989); {{ISBN|0-207-16209-3}} 21. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/santamaria/interview7.html|title=Bob Santamaria - Interview Transcript tape 7|publisher=Australianbiography.gov.au|accessdate=25 August 2010}} 22. ^Antony Green, "Analysis of the 2007 elections in Victoria", abc.net.au; accessed 6 June 2018. 23. ^Michael Lyons. 'Defence, the Family and the Battler: The Democratic Labor Party and its Legacy,' Australian Journal of Political Science, September 2008, vol 43-3, pp. 425-442 24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.australianbiography.gov.au/santamaria/interview8.html|title=B.A. Santamaria - Interview Transcript tape 8|publisher=Australianbiography.gov.au|accessdate=25 August 2010}} 25. ^US embassy, 16 March 1973, Wikileaks. 26. ^Lyle Allan (2013), "Change of Spelling: the DLP." in Recorder (Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, Melbourne Branch), No. 278, December, p.3 Australian Labor Party (Anti-Communist) and DLP Parliamentarians
See also{{Commons category|Democratic Labor Party (historical)}}
References{{Reflist|2}}Further reading
External links
9 : Labour parties|Political parties established in 1955|Defunct political parties in Australia|Political parties disestablished in 1978|Australian Labor Party breakaway groups|Catholic political parties|1955 establishments in Australia|1978 disestablishments in Australia|Anti-communism in Australia |
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