| 词条 | Dermanyssus gallinae |
| 释义 |
| name = Dermanyssus gallinae | synonyms = Red mite, poultry mite, red poultry mite, roost mite, chicken mite | image = Naturalis Biodiversity Center - RMNH.ART.1254 - Dermanyssus gallinae (de Geer) - Mites - Collection Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans.jpeg | caption = Female Dermanyssus gallinae de Geer with "stiletto-shaped mandibles" | pronounce = | field = Veterinary medicine, infectious disease | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }}Dermanyssus gallinae (also known as the red mite) is an ectoparasite of poultry and has been implicated as a vector of several major pathogenic diseases.[1] Despite its common names, it has a wide range of hosts including several species of wild birds and mammals including humans.[2] In both size and appearance, it resembles the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum.[3] Signs and symptomsThe mites normally feed around the breast and legs of hens, causing pain, irritation, and a decrease in egg production. Pustules, scabs, hyperpigmentation and feather loss may develop. If they are present in large numbers, D. gallinae can cause anemia in hens which presents as pallor of the comb and wattle. Cause{{Taxobox| name = Dermanyssus gallinae | image = Dermanyssus_cfr_gallinae_(5021757436).jpg | image_caption = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Arachnida | subclassis = Acari | ordo = Mesostigmata | familia = Dermanyssidae | genus = Dermanyssus | species = D. gallinae | binomial = Dermanyssus gallinae | binomial_authority = (De Geer, 1778) }}D. gallinae is an obligate blood feeder that will normally attack its host at night, but will occasionally feed during the day. Adults (0.75–1 mm long) have long legs and usually a grayish- white body, which becomes reddish-brown when engorged.[4] After feeding, they hide in cracks and crevices away from light sources, where they mate and lay eggs. The mite progresses through 5 life stages: egg, larva, protonymph, deutonymph and adult. Under favourable conditions this life cycle can be completed within seven days, so populations can grow rapidly - causing anaemia in badly affected flocks of poultry. Young birds are most susceptible. The mites can also affect the health of the birds indirectly, as they may serve as vectors for diseases such as Salmonellosis, avian spirochaetosis and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae.[5] Red mites can survive for up to 10 months in an empty hen house, temperatures greater than 45 °C/113 °F and less than -20 °C/-4 °F, have been found to be lethal.[6] DiagnosisA presumptive diagnosis can be made in flocks of laying hens, usually based on a history of decreasing egg production, anaemia and mortalities in young or ill birds. Blood spots on eggs indicate infestation within the cloaca of an affected hen. Definitive diagnosis is only achieved following identification of eggs, feces or the mites themselves. Prevention and treatmentThere are several methods for preventing infestation in hen houses including:
Prevention of infestation in human habitation consists of eliminating potential vectors such as destroying pigeon and sparrow nests[8] and treating infested backyard poultry.[9] Predatory mites such as Androlaelaps casalis and Hypoaspis miles can be used to control D. gallinae populations.[10] Ectoparasiticides can be used to treat affected poultry, these chemical controls, if used, should be used in rotation to avoid the buildup of resistance.[11] The insecticide spinosad is effective against mites resistant to the veteran acaricides and can even be used on premises in the presence of the laying hens.[12] A novel product, Exzolt was introduced in the EU in 2017,[13] it contains fluralaner, an isoxazoline, and is highly effective against D. gallinae, included those resistant to old acaricides. It is approved for oral administration mixed with the drinking water and has a systemic mode of action, i.e. it acts through the blood of the treated birds.[13] Elimination of an infestation in a human habitation is best achieved through a combination of eliminating potential vectors (nesting pigeons, backyard poultry, etc.); reducing potential hiding places (rugs, clutter); judicious use of pesticides; consistent use of dehumidifiers to maintain a low humidity environment; maintaining a low temperature in the environment; frequent thorough cleaning; minimizing the amount of time spent in the home; and maintaining excellent hygiene. Treatment of infestation may require topical and oral medication such as ivermectin (although this has been found to be ineffective)[14] and may require several months to eradicate. Vaccines are currently under active development for the treatment of poultry, which seek to "stimulate a protective response" in the birds and increase D. gallinae mortality.[15] Other animalsD. gallinae will also bite mammals, including cats, dogs, rodents, rabbits, horses,[16] and humans, where the infestation is known as gamasoidosis.[17] As they are capable of digesting mammalian including human blood, infestations can be persistent.[16] Due to the nocturnal feeding habits of D. gallinae, people bitten by commonly feel itchy and notice bites when they wake up in the morning.[18] The severity of the signs vary, with dermatitis,[19] pruritus and papular urticaria being common symptoms.[17]Jane Ishka recited her experience with human mite infestation in her book The Year of the Mite.[20] Infestation by D. gallinae is rare in cats and dogs; usually the extremities and the back are bitten, causing itching.[21] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1051/vetres:2006031 |pmid=16820136 |title=Comparison of four methods of extracting DNA from D. gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) |journal=Veterinary Research |volume=37 |issue=5 |pages=725–732 |year=2006 |last1=Desloire |first1=Sophie |last2=Valiente Moro |first2=Claire |last3=Chauve |first3=Claude |last4=Zenner |first4=Lionel }} 2. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101 |pmid=24397522 |title=Significance and Control of the Poultry Red Mite, Dermanyssus gallinae |journal=Annual Review of Entomology |volume=59 |pages=447–466 |year=2014 |last1=Sparagano |first1=O.A.E. |last2=George |first2=D.R. |last3=Harrington |first3=D.W.J. |last4=Giangaspero |first4=A. }} 3. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.2307/1587499 |jstor=1587499 |title=The Differentiation of Dermanyssus gallinae from Ornithonyssus sylviarum |journal=Avian Diseases |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=133–137 |last1=Weisbroth |first1=Steven H. |year=1960 }} 4. ^{{cite book |doi=10.1533/9780857093912.3.394 |chapter=Parasitism in egg production systems: The role of the red mite ( Dermanyssus gallinae ) |title=Improving the Safety and Quality of Eggs and Egg Products |pages=394–414 |year=2011 |last1=Sparagano |first1=O.A.E. |last2=Giangaspero |first2=A. |isbn=9781845697549 }} 5. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2915.2003.00428.x |title=The poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae, a potential vector of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae causing erysipelas in hens |journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=232–234 |year=2003 |last1=Chirico |first1=J. |last2=Eriksson |first2=H. |last3=Fossum |first3=O. |last4=Jansson |first4=D. }} 6. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1093/jmedent/36.1.68 |pmid=10071495 |title=Effects of Temperature and Humidity on Oviposition, Molting, and Longevity of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae) |journal=Journal of Medical Entomology |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=68–72 |year=1999 |last1=Nordenfors |first1=Helena |last2=Höglund |first2=Johan |last3=Uggla |first3=Arvid }} 7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10493-009-9250-6 |pmid=19221882 |title=Preventing introduction and spread of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry facilities using the HACCP method |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |volume=48 |issue=1–2 |pages=167–181 |year=2009 |last1=Mul |first1=Monique F. |last2=Koenraadt |first2=Constantianus J. M. |url=http://library.wur.nl/WebQuery/wurpubs/381716 }} 8. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1086/528815 |pmid=18205530 |title=Nosocomial Dermatitis Caused by Dermanyssus gallinae |journal=Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=282–283 |year=2008 |last1=Bellanger |first1=A. P. |last2=Bories |first2=C. |last3=Foulet |first3=F. |last4=Bretagne |first4=S. |last5=Botterel |first5=F. }} 9. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/jsap.12254 |pmid=25109514 |title=Backyard poultry: Legislation, zoonoses and disease prevention |journal=Journal of Small Animal Practice |volume=55 |issue=10 |pages=487–496 |year=2014 |last1=Whitehead |first1=M. L. |last2=Roberts |first2=V. }} 10. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/s10493-012-9596-z |pmid=22773110 |pmc=3487000 |title=Laboratory tests for controlling poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) with predatory mites in small 'laying hen' cages |journal=Experimental and Applied Acarology |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=371–383 |year=2012 |last1=Lesna |first1=Izabela |last2=Sabelis |first2=Maurice W. |last3=Van Niekerk |first3=Thea G. C. M. |last4=Komdeur |first4=Jan }} 11. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/S0304-4017(98)00167-8 |title=The poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778): Current situation and future prospects for control |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=79 |issue=3 |pages=239–245 |year=1998 |last1=Chauve |first1=Claude }} 12. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.035 |pmid=20655147 |title=In vitro and in vivo acaricidal activity and residual toxicity of spinosad to the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=173 |issue=3–4 |pages=307–316 |year=2010 |last1=George |first1=D.R. |last2=Shiel |first2=R.S. |last3=Appleby |first3=W.G.C. |last4=Knox |first4=A. |last5=Guy |first5=J.H. }} 13. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1186/s13071-017-2534-5 |pmid=29197422 |pmc=5712167 |title=The acaricidal speed of kill of orally administered fluralaner against poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) on laying hens and its impact on mite reproduction |journal=Parasites & Vectors |volume=10 |issue=1 |pages=594 |year=2017 |last1=Brauneis |first1=Maria D. |last2=Zoller |first2=Hartmut |last3=Williams |first3=Heike |last4=Zschiesche |first4=Eva |last5=Heckeroth |first5=Anja R. }} 14. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/0304-4017(87)90032-X |title=Systemic efficacy of ivermectin against Dermanyssus gallinae (De Geer, 1778) in fowls |journal=Veterinary Parasitology |volume=23 |issue=1–2 |pages=141–146 |year=1987 |last1=Zeman |first1=P. }} 15. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.04.014 |pmid=19501789 |title=Immunisation with recombinant proteins subolesin and Bm86 for the control of Dermanyssus gallinae in poultry |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=30 |pages=4056–4063 |year=2009 |last1=Harrington |first1=David |last2=Canales |first2=Mario |last3=de la Fuente |first3=José |last4=De Luna |first4=Carlos |last5=Robinson |first5=Karen |last6=Guy |first6=Jonathan |last7=Sparagano |first7=Olivier }} 16. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = George DR, Finn RD, Graham KM, Mul MF, Maurer V, Moro CV, Sparagano OA | title = Should the poultry red mite Dermanyssus gallinae be of wider concern for veterinary and medical science? | journal = Parasites & Vectors | volume = 8 | pages = 178 | date = March 2015 | pmid = 25884317 | pmc = 4377040 | doi = 10.1186/s13071-015-0768-7 }} 17. ^1 {{cite book|last1=James|first1=WD|last2=Berger|first2=T|last3=Elston|first3=D | name-list-format = vanc |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology|date=2015|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323319690|page=446|edition=12|chapter=Parasitic infestations, stings and bites: Gamasoidosis}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Kos|first1=L|last2=Galbraith|first2=S|editor1-last=Schachner|editor1-first=LA|editor2-last=Hansen|editor2-first=RC | name-list-format = vanc |title=Pediatric dermatology|date=2011|publisher=Mosby/Elsevier|location=St. Louis, Mo.|isbn=9780723436652|pages=1576–1578|edition=4th|chapter=Infections and infestations}} 19. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2915.2002.00386.x |title=Dermatitis in humans associated with the mites Pyemotes tritici, Dermanyssus gallinae, Ornithonyssus bacoti and Androlaelaps casalis in Israel |journal=Medical and Veterinary Entomology |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=442–444 |year=2002 |last1=Rosen |first1=S. |last2=Yeruham |first2=I. |last3=Braverman |first3=Y. }} 20. ^{{Cite book |title=The Year of the Mite |last=Ishka |first=Jane |year=2016 |publisher=Bitingduck Press |isbn=9781938463433 }}{{page needed|date=January 2019}} 21. ^{{cite book|last1=Paterson|first1=Sue | name-list-format = vanc | title=Manual of skin diseases of the dog and cat|date=2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|location=Chichester|isbn=9781444309324|pages=118–119|edition=2nd|chapter=Dermanyssus gallinae}} External links{{Medical resources| DiseasesDB = | ICD10 = B88.0 (ILDS B88.060) | ICD9 = | ICDO = | OMIM = | MedlinePlus = | eMedicineSubj = | eMedicineTopic = | MeshID = }}
8 : Mesostigmata|Agricultural pest mites|Poultry diseases|Veterinary entomology|Animals described in 1778|Parasites of birds|Ectoparasites|Parasitic acari |
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