| 词条 | Derveni papyrus |
| 释义 |
| name = Derveni papyrus | location = Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki | image = Derveni-papyrus.jpg | width = | caption = Some fragments of the Derveni papyrus | Also known as = | Type = Papyrus roll | Date = 340 BC, from an end 5th century BC original | Place of origin = Macedon | Language(s) = Ancient Greek, mixed dialects | Scribe(s) = | Author(s) = | Compiled by = | Illuminated by = | Patron = | Dedicated to = | Material = Papyrus | Size = 266 fragments | Format = 26 columns | Condition = Fragmentary, charred from funeral pyre | Script = | Contents = Commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus | Illumination(s) = | Additions = | Exemplar(s) = | Previously kept = | Discovered = 1962 | Accession = | Other = | below = }} The Derveni papyrus is an ancient Macedonian papyrus roll that was found in 1962. It is a philosophical treatise that is an allegorical commentary on an Orphic poem, a theogony concerning the birth of the gods, produced in the circle of the philosopher Anaxagoras. It was composed near the end of the 5th century BC,[1] and "in the fields of Greek religion, the sophistic movement, early philosophy, and the origins of literary criticism it is unquestionably the most important textual discovery of the 20th century."[2] The roll itself dates to around 340 BC, during the reign of Philip II of Macedon, making it Europe's oldest surviving manuscript.[3][4] While interim editions and translations were published over the subsequent years, the manuscript as a whole was finally published in 2006. DiscoveryThe roll was found on 15 January 1962 at a site in Derveni, Macedonia, northern Greece, on the road from Thessaloniki to Kavala. The site is a nobleman's grave in a necropolis that was part of a rich cemetery belonging to the ancient city of Lete.[5] It is the oldest surviving manuscript in the Western tradition and one of the very few surviving papyri, and probably the oldest literary papyrus, found in Greece.[1][3] The archaeologists Petros Themelis and Maria Siganidou recovered the top parts of the charred papyrus scroll and fragments from ashes atop the slabs of the tomb; the bottom parts had burned away in the funeral pyre. The scroll was carefully unrolled and the fragments joined together, thus forming 26 columns of text.[1] It survived in the humid Greek soil, which is unfavorable to the conservation of papyri, because it was carbonized (hence dried) in the nobleman’s funeral pyre.[6] However, this has made it extremely difficult to read, since the ink is black and the background is black too; in addition, it survives in the form of 266 fragments, which are conserved under glass in descending order of size, and has had to be painstakingly reconstructed. Many smaller fragments are still not placed. The papyrus is kept in the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki. ContentThe main part of the text is a commentary on a hexameter poem ascribed to Orpheus, which was used in the mystery cult of Dionysus by the 'Orphic initiators'. Fragments of the poem are quoted, followed by interpretations by the main author of the text, who tries to show that the poem does not mean what it literally says. The poem begins with the words "Close the doors, you uninitiated", a famous admonition to secrecy, also quoted by Plato. The interpreter claims that this shows that Orpheus wrote his poem as an allegory. The theogony described in the poem has Nyx (Night) give birth to Heaven (Uranus), who becomes the first king. Cronus follows and takes the kingship from Uranus, but he is likewise succeeded by Zeus, whose power over the whole universe is celebrated. Zeus gains his power by hearing oracles from the sanctuary of Night, who tells him "all the oracles which afterwards he was to put into effect."[7] At the end of the text Zeus rapes his mother Rhea, which, in the Orphic theogony, will lead to the birth of Demeter. Zeus would then have raped Demeter, who would then have given birth of Persephone, who then married Dionysus. However, this part of the story must have continued in a second roll which is now lost. The interpreter of the poem argues that Orpheus did not intend any of these stories in a literal sense, but they are allegorical in nature. {{quote|This poem is strange and riddling to people, though [Orpheus] did not intend to tell contentious riddles but rather great things in riddles. In fact he is speaking mystically, and from the very first word all the way to the last. As he also makes clear in the well recognized verse: for, having ordered them to "put doors to their ears," he says that he is not legislating for the many [but addressing himself to those] who are pure in hearing … and in the following verse …[8]}}The first surviving columns of the text are less well preserved, but talk about occult ritual practices, including sacrifices to the Erinyes (Furies), how to remove daimones that become a problem, and the beliefs of the magi. They include a quotation of the philosopher Heraclitus. Their reconstruction is extremely controversial, since even the order of fragments is disputed. Two different reconstructions have recently been offered, that by Valeria Piano[9][10] and that by Richard Janko, who says that he has found that these columns also include a quotation of the philosopher Parmenides.[11] Recent readingThe text was not officially published for forty-four years after its discovery (though three partial editions were published). A team of experts was assembled in autumn 2005 led by A. L. Pierris of the Institute for Philosophical studies and Dirk Obbink, director of the Oxyrhynchus Papyri project at the University of Oxford, with the help of modern multispectral imaging techniques by Roger Macfarlane and Gene Ware of Brigham Young University to attempt a better approach to the edition of a difficult text. However, nothing appears to have been published as a result of that initiative, and the photographs are not available to scholars or the Museum. Meanwhile, the papyrus was finally published by a team of scholars from Thessaloniki (Tsantsanoglou et al., below), which provides a complete text of the papyrus based on autopsy of the fragments, with photographs and translation. More work clearly remained to be done (see Janko 2006, below). Subsequent progress has been made in reading the papyrus by Valeria Piano[9] and Richard Janko,[11] who has developed a new method for taking digital microphotographs of the papyrus, which permits some of its most difficult passages to be read for the first time.[12] Examples of these images are now published.[11] A version of Janko's new text is available in the recent edition by Mirjam Kotwick, and a new edition in English is in preparation.[13] A complete digital edition of the papyrus using the new technique is a major desideratum. Style of writingThe text of the papyrus contains a mix of dialects. It is mainly a mixture of Attic and Ionic Greek; however it contains a few Doric forms. Sometimes the same word appears in different dialectal forms e.g. cμικρό-, μικρό; ὄντα, ἐόντα; νιν for μιν etc.[14] Oldest 'book' of Europe – UNESCO Memory of The World RegisterOn 12 December 2015, the Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki held the official event to celebrate the registration of the Derveni Papyrus in the UNESCO Memory of the World Register. According to UNESCO
Notes1. ^1 2 {{cite web | title=The Derveni Papyrus: An Interdisciplinary Research Project | work=Harvard University, Center for Hellenic Studies | url=http://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/5418}} 2. ^Richard Janko, [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20191519 "The Derveni Papyrus: An Interim Text"], Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 141 (2002), p. 1 3. ^1 {{cite news | title=Ancient scroll may yield religious secrets | agency=Associated Press | url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/13081639/ | accessdate=1 June 2006}} 4. ^{{cite web|title=THE PAPYRUS OF DERVENI |work=Hellenic Ministry of Culture |url=http://www.culture.gr/2/21/215/21505/215052/e21505206.html |accessdate=1 June 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060428200149/http://www.culture.gr/2/21/215/21505/215052/e21505206.html |archivedate=28 April 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Betegh|first=Gábor|title=The Derveni Papyrus: Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5HaKQFeYSBEC&pg=PA56|accessdate=14 January 2012|date=19 November 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-04739-5|page=56}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Betegh|first=Gábor|title=The Derveni Papyrus: Cosmology, Theology and Interpretation|date=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521801089|page=59}} 7. ^Bowersock, G. W. Tangled Roots. From The New Republic Online 8 June 2005. Retrieved 6 June 2006. 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Bierl |first1=Anton |title='Riddles over Riddles': 'Mysterious' and 'Symbolic' (Inter)textual Strategies. The Problem of Language in the Derveni Papyrus |date=2014 |publisher=University of Basel |location=978-0-674-72676-5}} 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Piano|first=Valeria|year=2016|title=P.Derveni III-VI: una reconsiderazione del testo|url=|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|volume=197|pages=5–16|via=}} 10. ^{{Cite book|title=Il Papiro di Derveni tra religione e filosofia|last=Piano|first=Valeria|publisher=Leo S. Olschki|year=2016|isbn=978-88-222-6477-0|location=Florence|pages=}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Janko|first=Richard|year=2016|title=Parmenides in the Derveni Papyrus|url=|journal=Zeitschrift für Papyrologie und Epigraphik|volume=200|pages=3–23|via=}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://classicalstudies.org/annual-meeting/146/abstract/new-readings-derveni-papyrus|title=New readings in the Derveni Papyrus|last=|first=|date=|website=|dead-url=|access-date=29 March 2017}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.acls.org/news/2-23-2016/|title=Nine Teams of Scholars Awarded 2016 ACLS Collaborative Research Fellowships|last=|first=|date=|website=|dead-url=|access-date=29 March 2017}} 14. ^For a full list, see Janko (1997) 62–3 15. ^{{cite web|title = The Derveni Papyrus: The oldest 'book' of Europe {{!}} United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization|url = http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/flagship-project-activities/memory-of-the-world/register/full-list-of-registered-heritage/registered-heritage-page-8/the-derveni-papyrus-the-oldest-book-of-europe/|website = www.unesco.org|accessdate = 14 December 2015}} Further reading
External links{{commonscat}}
11 : Greek manuscripts|Ancient Greek works|Greek religion texts|Religion in ancient Macedonia|Philip II of Macedon|Greek-language papyri|Orpheus|Papyrology|Archaeological discoveries in Greece|Memory of the World Register|1962 archaeological discoveries |
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