| 词条 | Carl Gustav Hempel |
| 释义 |
| region = Western philosophy | era = 20th-century philosophy | image = Carl Gustav Hempel.jpg | name = Carl Gustav Hempel | birth_date = {{birth date|1905|01|08}} | birth_place = Oranienburg, Germany | death_date = {{death date and age|1997|11|09|1905|1|8}} | death_place = Princeton, New Jersey, United States | alma_mater = University of Göttingen University of Berlin Heidelberg University | school_tradition = Analytic philosophy Berlin Circle Logical behaviorism[1] | main_interests = {{unbulleted list |Philosophy of science |Logic}} | notable_ideas = {{unbulleted list |Deductive-nomological model |Inductive-statistical model[2] |Internal vs. bridge principles[3] |Hempel's dilemma |Raven paradox |Explanandum and explanans}} | doctoral_advisors = Hans Reichenbach, Wolfgang Köhler, Nicolai Hartmann | doctoral_students = {{hlist |Adolf Grünbaum |Jaegwon Kim |Robert Nozick |John Earman}} | influences = Hans Reichenbach | influenced = {{hlist |Jaegwon Kim |Robert Nozick |Richard Jeffrey |John Earman |Philip Kitcher |Peter Achinstein |Lawrence Sklar}} | thesis_title = Beiträge zur logischen Analyse des Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffs (Contributions to the Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability) | thesis_url = https://books.google.com/books/about/Beitr%C3%A4ge_zur_logischen_Analyse_des_Wahr.html?id=1wJKAQAAIAAJ&redir_esc=y | thesis_year = 1934 }}Carl Gustav "Peter" Hempel (January 8, 1905 – November 9, 1997) was a German writer and philosopher. He was a major figure in logical empiricism, a 20th-century movement in the philosophy of science. He is especially well known for his articulation of the deductive-nomological model of scientific explanation, which was considered the "standard model" of scientific explanation during the 1950s and 1960s. He is also known for the raven paradox (also known as "Hempel's paradox").[4] BiographyHempel studied mathematics, physics and philosophy at the University of Göttingen and subsequently at the University of Berlin and the Heidelberg University. In Göttingen, he encountered David Hilbert and was impressed by his program attempting to base all mathematics on solid logical foundations derived from a limited number of axioms. After moving to Berlin, Hempel participated in a congress on scientific philosophy in 1929 where he met Rudolf Carnap and became involved in the Berlin Circle of philosophers associated with the Vienna Circle. In 1934, he received his doctoral degree from the University of Berlin with a dissertation on probability theory, titled Beiträge zur logischen Analyse des Wahrscheinlichkeitsbegriffs (Contributions to the Logical Analysis of the Concept of Probability). Hans Reichenbach was Hempel's main doctoral supervisor, but after Reichenbach lost his philosophy chair in Berlin in 1933, Wolfgang Köhler and Nicolai Hartmann became the official supervisors.[5] Within a year of completing his doctorate, the increasingly repressive and anti-semitic Nazi regime in Germany had prompted Hempel to emigrate{{spaced ndash}}his wife was of Jewish ancestry[6]{{spaced ndash}}to Belgium. In this, he was aided by the scientist Paul Oppenheim, with whom he co-authored the book Der Typusbegriff im Lichte der neuen Logik on typology and logic in 1936. In 1937, Hempel emigrated to the United States, where he accepted a position as Carnap's assistant[7] at the University of Chicago. He later held positions at the City College of New York (1939–1948), Yale University (1948–1955) and Princeton University, where he taught alongside Thomas Kuhn and remained until made emeritus in 1973. Between 1974 and 1976, he was an emeritus at the Hebrew University in Jerusalem before becoming University Professor of Philosophy at the University of Pittsburgh in 1977 and teaching there until 1985. In 1989 the Department of Philosophy at Princeton University renamed its Three Lecture Series the 'Carl G. Hempel Lectures' in his honor.[8] Hempel never embraced the term "logical positivism" as an accurate description of the Vienna Circle and Berlin Group, preferring to describe those philosophers{{spaced ndash}}and himself{{spaced ndash}}as "logical empiricists". He believed that the term "positivism", with its roots in Auguste Comte, invoked a materialist metaphysics that empiricists need not embrace. He regarded Ludwig Wittgenstein as a philosopher with a genius for stating philosophical insights in striking and memorable language, but believed that he (or, at least, the Wittgenstein of the Tractatus) made claims that could only be supported by recourse to metaphysics. To Hempel, metaphysics involved claims to know things which were not knowable; that is, metaphysical hypotheses were incapable of confirmation or disconfirmation by evidence. LegacyIn 2005, the City of Oranienburg, Hempel's birthplace, renamed one of its streets "Carl-Gustav-Hempel-Straße" in his memory. BibliographyPrincipal works
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References1. ^{{cite SEP |url-id=behaviorism |title=Behaviorism}} 2. ^Gandjour A, Lauterbach KW, "Inductive reasoning in medicine: lessons from Carl Gustav Hempel's 'inductive-statistical' model", J Eval Clin Pract, 2003, 9(2):161–9. 3. ^"Theories in Science" 4. ^SEP 5. ^Carl G. Hempel, Selected Philosophical Essays, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. viii. 6. ^{{cite book |title=First Philosophy: Fundamental Problems and Readings in Philosophy, Volume 2 |chapter=Carl Hempel "Scientific Inquiry: Invention and Test" |publisher=Broadview Press |location=Peterborough, Ontario |isbn=978-1-55111-973-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrWAif_gsBQC&pg=PA206 |edition=2nd |page=206}} 7. ^{{cite web |last=Hempel |first=Carl |title=Carl Gustav Hempel's Papers |url=http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead&cc=ascead&rgn=main&view=text&didno=US-PPiU-asp199901 |publisher=Special Collections Department, University of Pittsburgh |accessdate=2013-09-17}} 8. ^[https://philosophy.princeton.edu/about/past-faculty/carl-g-hempel philosophy.princeton.edu] Further reading
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21 : 1905 births|1997 deaths|20th-century German philosophers|City College of New York faculty|German essayists|Guggenheim Fellows|Logical positivism|Hebrew University of Jerusalem faculty|University of Göttingen alumni|Humboldt University of Berlin alumni|Heidelberg University alumni|People from Oranienburg|People from the Province of Brandenburg|Philosophers of science|Princeton University faculty|University of Pittsburgh faculty|Vienna Circle|Yale University faculty|German male essayists|20th-century essayists|20th-century German male writers |
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