| 词条 | Devil fish |
| 释义 |
| name = Devil fish | image = atlantic mobula lisbon.jpg | image_width = 240px | status = EN | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Elasmobranchii | ordo = Myliobatiformes | familia = Mobulidae | genus = Mobula | species = M. mobular | binomial = Mobula mobular | binomial_authority = (Bonnaterre, 1788) | synonyms = *Raia mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)
}} The devil fish or giant devil ray (Mobula mobular) is an endangered species of ray in the family Mobulidae. It is currently listed as endangered, mostly due to bycatch mortality in unrelated fisheries. DescriptionThe devil fish is larger than its close relative the lesser devil ray. It grows to a maximum recorded length of {{convert|5.2|m|ft}}, making it one of the largest rays. It possesses a spiny tail.[2] Distribution and habitatDevil fish are most common in the Mediterranean Sea and can be found elsewhere in the Eastern Atlantic Ocean, off the southwest coast of Ireland and south of Portugal, and possibly in the northwest Atlantic. They predominantly prefer deep waters.[2] Devil fish inhabit offshore areas to the neritic zone, their range as deep as several thousand meters. They are typically observed in small clusters, and may occasionally form larger groups.[1] EcologyDevil rays feed on planktonic crustaceans and small schooling fish, which are trapped using the modified gill covers (branchial plates) responsible for its "devil-like" silhouette. The species is ovoviviparous: the young hatch from their eggs inside the mother's body and emerge later when they are more fully grown. Only a single live young which is called a pup is born at a time.[1] Conservation statusThe devil fish has a limited range and a low rate of reproduction. As a result, it is sensitive to environmental changes. The main threats to this species come from pollution in the Mediterranean and bycatch capture in various fishing equipment including trawls, tuna traps, and dragnets meant for swordfish.[3][4] The 2004 IUCN Red List listed the devil fish as a vulnerable species. It was reclassified as endangered in 2006 due to low population resilience coupled with continued high bycatch mortality.[1] In June 2018 the New Zealand Department of Conservation classified the devil fish as "Data Deficient" with the qualifier "Secure Overseas" under the New Zealand Threat Classification System.[5] References1. ^1 2 3 {{IUCN2014.3 |assessor = Notarbartolo di Sciara, G. |assessor2 = Serena, F. |assessor3 = Mancusi, C. |last-assessor-amp = yes|year = 2006 |id = 39418 |title = Mobula mobular |downloaded = 3 May 2015}} {{Commons category|Mobula mobular}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q1502150}}{{DEFAULTSORT:fish, devil}}{{Chondrichthyes-stub}}2. ^1 {{FishBase species | genus = Mobula | species = mobular | year = 2015 | month = 4}} 3. ^{{cite journal|url=http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0141189|title=The Devil We Don't Know: Investigating Habitat and Abundance of Endangered Giant Devil Rays in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea|first1=Giuseppe Notarbartolo di|last1=Sciara|first2=Giancarlo|last2=Lauriano|first3=Nino|last3=Pierantonio|first4=Ana|last4=Cañadas|first5=Greg|last5=Donovan|first6=Simone|last6=Panigada|date=18 November 2015|publisher=|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=10|issue=11|pages=e0141189|via=PLoS Journals|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0141189}} 4. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/mf/mf14180|title=Mobulid ray by-catch in longline fisheries in the south-western Atlantic Ocean|first1=F.|last1=Mas|first2=R.|last2=Forselledo|first3=A.|last3=Domingo|date=15 September 2015|publisher=|journal=Marine and Freshwater Research|volume=66|issue=9|pages=767–777|via=www.publish.csiro.au|doi=10.1071/MF14180}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.doc.govt.nz/globalassets/documents/science-and-technical/nztcs23entire.pdf|title=Conservation status of New Zealand chondrichthyans (chimaeras, sharks and rays), 2016|last=Duffy|first=Clinton A. J.|last2=Francis|first2=Malcolm|last3=Dunn|first3=M. R.|last4=Finucci|first4=Brit|last5=Ford|first5=Richard|last6=Hitchmough|first6=Rod|last7=Rolfe|first7=Jeremy|publisher=Department of Conservation|year=2018|isbn=9781988514628|location=Wellington, New Zealand|pages=10|oclc=1042901090}} 3 : Mobula|Fish of the Mediterranean Sea|Fish described in 1788 |
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