| 词条 | Dhangar |
| 释义 |
The Dhangar is a herding caste of people primarily located in the Indian state of Maharashtra. EtymologyThe word "Dhangar" may be associated with a term for "cattle wealth" or be derived from the hills in which they lived (Sanskrit "dhang").[1] Ul Hassan noted that some people of his time believed the term to come from the Sanskrit "dhenugar" ("cattle herder") but dismissed that etymology as being "fictitious".[2] Current situationTraditionally being shepherds, cowherds, buffalo keepers, blanket and wool weavers, butchers and farmers, the Dhangars were late to take up modern-day education. Though they have a notable population, not only in Maharashtra but also in India at large, and a rich history, today they are still a politically highly disorganised community and are socially, educationally, economically and politically backward. They lived a socially isolated life due to their occupation, wandering mainly in forests, hills and mountains.[3]{{full|date=November 2012}} In Maharashtra, the Dhangars are classified as a Nomadic Tribe but in 2014 were seeking to be reclassified as a Scheduled Tribe in India's system of reservation.[4] The 2011 Census of India for Uttar Pradesh showed the Dhangar classified as a Scheduled Caste, with a population of 43,806.[5] CultureDhangars worship various forms of gods, including Shiva, Vishnu, Parvati and mahalakshmi as their kuldevta/Kuldaivat or kuldevi. These forms include Khandoba, Beeralingeswara (Biroba), Mhasoba, Dhuloba (Dhuleshwar), Vithoba, Siddhanath (Shidoba), Janai-Malai, Tulai (Tulja Bhavani), Yamai, Padubai, and Ambabai. They generally worship the temple of these gods that is nearest to their residence which becomes their kuladaivat and kuladevi. In Jejuri, the deity Khandoba is revered as the husband of Banai, in her incarnation as a Dhangar. He is, therefore, popular amongst the Dhangars, as they consider him their kuldevta.[6] Khandoba (literally "father swordsman") is the guardian deity of the Deccan.[7] SubdivisionsTribesInitially there were twelve tribes of Dhangar, and they had a division of labour amongst brothers of one family. This later formed three sub-divisions and one half-division. These three being Hatkar (shepherds), Ahir (cowherds) and Khutekar (wool and blanket weavers)/Sangar. The half-division is called Khateek or Khatik (butchers). All sub-castes fall in either of these divisions. All sub-divisions emerge from one stock, and all sub-divisions claim to be a single group of Dhangars. [8]{{clarify|reason=what are genetically closest to what? makes no sense at present|date=December 2014}} The number three and a half is not a random selection but has a religious and cosmological significance.[9] All Dhangars of Western Maharashtra and Konkan/Marhatta country, like Holkars, can be termed "Marathas", but all Marathas are not Dhangars.[10][11] References1. ^{{cite book|first=Shyam Singh |last=Shashi|title=The World of Nomads|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Otppyf6MbxgC&pg=PA183|accessdate=2011-11-15|date=2006|publisher=Lotus Press|isbn=978-81-8382-051-6|page=183}} 2. ^{{cite book|author=Syed Siraj ul Hassan|title=The castes and tribes of H.E.H. the Nizam's dominions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lYSd-3yL9h0C&pg=PA248|accessdate=2011-07-25|year=1989|publisher=Asian Educational Services|isbn=978-81-206-0488-9}} 3. ^Kaka Kalelkar Commission Report, B D Deshmukh report, Edate report 4. ^{{cite news |title=Demands for quotas from new groups add to Maharashtra govt's woes|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/mumbai/report-demands-for-quotas-from-new-groups-add-to-maharashtra-govt-s-woes-1960607 |date=10 February 2014 |first=Dhaval |last=Kulkarni |work=DNA |accessdate=2014-06-17}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/SC_ST/PCA-A10/SC-0900-PCA-A-10-ddw.xlsx |title= A-10 Individual Scheduled Caste Primary Census Abstract Data and its Appendix - Uttar Pradesh |publisher=Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |accessdate=2017-02-06}} 6. ^Mohamed Rahmatulla. Census of India Vol XXI, Hyderabad State, Part I Report. 1921, p. 244 7. ^{{cite book |first=Richard I. |last=Cashman |title=The Myth of the Lokamanya: Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra |publisher=University of California Press |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-52002-407-6 |page=11 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=905gbgzGN1EC&pg=PA11}} 8. ^{{cite journal |title=Landscapes in Conflict: Flocks, Hero-stones, and Cult in Early Medieval Maharashtra |first=Ajay |last=Dandekar |journal=Studies in History |date=August 1991 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=301-324 |doi=10.1177/025764309100700207 |subscription=yes}} 9. ^G.D. Sontheimer, The Dhangars: a nomadic pastoral community in a developing agricultural environment; G.D. Sontheimer and L.S. Leshnik, eds., Pastoralists and Nomads in South Asia, Wiesbaden, 1975, p. 140. 10. ^{{cite book|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica online|year=2009|chapter=Maratha|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/363851/Maratha}} 11. ^{{cite book|last=O'Hanlon|first=Rosalind|title=Caste, Conflict and Ideology|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=16–18|isbn=978-0-521-52308-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5kMrsTj1NeYC&pg=PA16}} Further reading
External links
2 : Dhangar|Scheduled Castes of Uttar Pradesh |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。