| 词条 | Diamante citron |
| 释义 |
| name = Diamante Citron | image = Yellow Etrog.jpg | species = C. medica | cultivar = var. vulgaris Risso or cv. diamante | marketing_names = Yanova esrog }} The Diamante citron (Citrus medica var. vulgaris[1] or cv. diamante[2] − {{lang-it|cedro di diamante}}, {{lang-he|אתרוג קלבריה}} or גינובה) is a variety of citron named after the town of Diamante, located in the province of Cosenza, Calabria, on the south-western coast of Italy, which is its most known cultivation point. This is why this variety is sometimes called the "Calabria Esrog". "Esrog" is the Ashkenazi transliteration of the Hebrew name for citron. {{quote box|align=right|width=55%|quote=Diamante ('Cedro Liscio'; possibly the same as 'Italian' and 'Sicilian')–of unknown origin but the leading cultivar in Italy and preferred by processors elsewhere; long-oval or ellipsoid, furrowed at base, broadly nippled at apex; peel yellow, smooth or faintly ribbed; very thick, fleshy; pulp crisp, non-juicy, acid; seedy. Tree small, spreading, thorny as 'Corsican'. Very similar is a cultivar called "Earle" in Cuba.----The [https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/morton/citron.html Purdue University website]}}HistoryThe Diamante citron was one of the most important varieties candied by the largest factories at Livorno, Italy; it was gathered from Liguria, Naples, Calabria & Sicily and then shipped into England and the United States.[3] Association with GenoaMany religious Jews call it Yanova Esrog (Genoa citron), because of a long association of the fruit with the trading port of Genoa in northern Italy, that exported it to other countries. Genoa was known to supply citron for the Jews since the times of the Tosafists, along with surrounding municipalities Sanremo, Bordighera, and the rest of Liguria.[4] The city is located in the region of Liguria, which itself has a long history of citron cultivation,[5] thanks to the massive mountain chain (Apennines) which protects it from turbulent winds.[6]Genoa has also a known history of banking, and they may have also traded the citron grown in the rest of the country, including from Corsica and Calabria, being a well established seaport as well. Therefore, the Calabrian citron is also considered to be of oldest Ashkenazic tradition for the Jewish ritual during the Feast of Tabernacles.[7] Most adherent to the Diamante variety of Calabria are still the Chabad's, whose late Rabbis were always in support of this traditional variety.[8] Among the other Hasidic sects, it is most used by the Satmars. Kashrus supervisionThe citron in Calabria was celebrated by poets like Byron and D'Annunzio, but is only saved from extinction, thanks to the Jewish tradition.[9] While Calabria is at the southern point of Italy, and its climate most Mediterranean, it is the most suitable for the citron. Even though, during the winter it is still too cold for the citron; this is why the farmers need to protect them with blue or green plastic covers. Most of the citron trees in the area are grafted onto foreign citrus rootstock, in order to save them from frost and disease. This practice renders their fruits non-kosher for the Sukkot ritual, and therefore in order for a mashgiach to certify a citron as kosher, he must first carefully inspect the tree to confirm it was not grafted. A Jewish delegation comes from Israel to Santa Maria del Cedro every year between July and August to choose the best fruit to be used in the holiday for the Jewish community. The selection of the best fruit is a virtual ritual. The mashgichim, each followed by a worker carrying a box and a pair of scissors, go to the citron farms at five in the morning. The mashgiach proceeds slowly looking left and right. Then he stops and looks at the base of the tree, right where the trunk comes up from the ground. A smooth trunk means the tree has not been grafted and the fruit can be picked. The mashgiach lies down on the ground to examine better the lower branches between the leaves. Once the good fruit is found, the mashgiach shows it to the worker who cuts it off leaving a piece of the stalk. Then the mashgiach analyses the picked citron one more time and if he decides it is worthy he wraps it in oakum and puts it in the box. The farmer receives the agreed sum for each picked fruit. Then the boxes are sealed and sent to the Lamezia Terme International Airport with a final destination Tel Aviv.[10] Although Diamante is also growing in Puerto Rico, Sicily and Sardinia, their citrons are not used for the Jewish ritual, since no kashrut certification was present at transplantation. Seeds and cuttings of inspected trees were planted in the Israeli village of Kfar Chabad, with the hechsher certification by major kashrut organizations. The methods for tree checking to verify if the tree is grafted or not, were established by a board of rabbis in Israel by 1877 as described in Kuntres Pri Etz Hadar which was published in Jerusalem a year after. Other citron varieties{{Citron varieties}}
See also
ReferencesFootnotes1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zTfrAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 |title=The Volatile Oils|volume=3|work=google.com|last1=Gildemeister|first1=Eduard|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Friedrich|year=1922}} 2. ^Composition of the Leaf and Peel Oils of Citrus medica L. 'Diamante' from Crete* [https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KuB3iGmbwC&pg=PA685 Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants] 3. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=tsNBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA336&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=O28KSbLRJIGmMtyKwZ4F#PPA337,M1 The Cultivated Oranges and Lemons]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=9GICAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA86&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F#PPA86,M1 The Pharmaceutical Journal-Consular report]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=SvcWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA771&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F The Gardeners Chronicle]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=vURJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA404&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F Biennial Report]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=z89BAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA193&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F Report Google Books]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=26UTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PT109&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F Parliamentary Papers]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=vskCAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA434&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F The Dublin REview]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=PiBLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA182&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F Monthly Consular]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=4z-3AAAAIAAJ&pg=RA3-PA105&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=33AKSYyPD5HEMZGivJ4F Bulletin Victoria]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=74QCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA62&dq=citron+candying+leghorn&lr=&ei=AXMKSeeDKonIMuqnwZ4F Science] 4. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=ObatRB4uRRAC&q=liguria+citron&dq=liguria+citron&ei=occmSffuLJnaMrvhnLoL&pgis=1 The citrus Industry citation by Google Books]*The Citrus Industry online {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808020133/http://lib.ucr.edu/agnic/webber/Vol1/Chapter1.htm |date=2007-08-08 }} in name of Georges Gallesio* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QhUAAAAAQAAJ&printsec=titlepage#PPA256,M1 Traité du citrus By Giorgio Gallesio in French p. 256]ליקוטי שו"ת חת"ס סימן כה - שו"ת בית אפרים או"ח סימן נו - בגדי ישע סימן יד-טז 5. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6lUoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR9&lpg=PR9&dq=liguria+citron&source=web&ots=QwuuZq3zvu&sig=FXJXj1KBaB4Ey6a77T6iNe-9EN0&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=1&ct=result Orange Insects]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=vURJAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA401&dq=liguria+citron&ei=pckmSaLPO5naMrvhnLoL Biennial Reports (Consular report]*[https://books.google.com/books?id=nqg3AAAAMAAJ&q=liguria+citron&dq=liguria+citron&ei=pckmSaLPO5naMrvhnLoL&pgis=1 Foods]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=C9VEAAAAIAAJ&q=liguria+citron&dq=liguria+citron&ei=pckmSaLPO5naMrvhnLoL&pgis=1 Treatise and Hand-book of Orange Culture in Florida, Louisiana and California] 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=OscZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA21&dq=liguria+citrus+wind|title=An Easter Holiday in Liguria|work=google.com|last1=Flückiger|first1=Friedrich August|year=1877}} 7. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=DlyA93K8zE4C&pg=PA146&dq=cedro+pigolo&as_brr=3&ei=FxGWR8SmEIiG7gLyiJSkBw Oekonomische Encyklopädie]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QhUAAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA94&dq=citrum+genuense&lr=&ei=XXuXR-y9FITCyQS79tDsBg Traité du citrus] By Giorgio Gallesio* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ffkCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA307&dq=citrum+genuense&lr=&ei=XXuXR-y9FITCyQS79tDsBg#PPA307,M1 Manuale di arboricoltura] by Giuseppe Antonio* [https://books.google.com/books?id=EE08AAAAMAAJ&q=cedro+liguria&dq=cedro+liguria&ei=BHiXR6r8BIjcygSA7cX5Bg&pgis=1 Enciclopedia di scienze politiche]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=0pQAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA53&dq=cedro+genova&lr=&ei=F3mXR8fXGo6UzAT50Nn_Bg The Gardener's Monthly and Horticulturist]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=7m88AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA83&dq=cedro+genova&lr=&ei=bHmXR4ecAoTIyASD9Lz7Bg Descrizione di Genova e del Genovesato]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=8AhAAAAAIAAJ&q=cedro+genova+san+remo&dq=cedro+genova+san+remo&lr=&ei=IHqXR4ncLZy8zATqi7D4Bg&pgis=1 Lettere sopra i buccheri]* [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZaUWAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA179&dq=citrum+genovese&lr=&ei=8nqXR97qEYPaygTow6WABw Dell'idioma e della letteratura genovese] 8. ^[https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4129263/jewish/Why-an-Italian-Etrog.htm Why an Italian Etrog] 9. ^Discovery Jewish Italy – academy article 10. ^Ansa Mediterraneo- RELIGION ROME JEWISH LEADERS VISIT COSENZA CITRON FARMS Notations
External links
6 : Cuisine of Calabria|Citron|Citrus|Jewish Italian history|Judaism in Italy|Natural cultivars |
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