| 词条 | Dichelostemma capitatum |
| 释义 |
|taxon = Dichelostemma capitatum |image = Dichelostemma capitatum 2003-02-04.jpg |authority = (Benth.) Alph.Wood |synonyms = Brodiaea lacuna-vernalis Brodiaea pulchella Dichelostemma pulchellum [1] }}Dichelostemma capitatum (syn. D. pulchellum), called blue dicks, purplehead and brodiaea (alternate spellings, brodiea, brodeia[2]) occur in Arizona, California, Oregon, Utah, New Mexico, and northwest Mexico.[3] Subspecies
DescriptionDichelostemma capitatum is an herbaceous perennial growing from an underground corm to a height of as much as 60 cm. It has 2–3 leaves which are 10–40 cm long. The inflorescence is head- or umbel-like, and dense. It usually contains 2 to 15 flowers, which have a blue, blue-purple, pink-purple, or white perianth. The flower tube is 3–12 mm and is narrowly cylindrical to campanulate. Flowers have six fertile stamens, deeply notched, lanceolate, white, angled inward, slightly reflexed at tip, with outer filaments wider at the base. It has a twisted and fleshy peduncle, a set of membranous, petal-like stamen appendages around the anthers, and angular black seeds. It reproduces from seed and vegetative means in the form of cormlets. The cormlets are attached to the parent corm by stolons and are sessile, produced in the axils of the old leaf bases on the mature corm.[5] Plants thrive in open disturbed environments, and are a common post-fire succession species in chaparral. Flowering peaks in March.[6]Dichelostemma capitatum occurs from sea level up to 2,300 meters. It inhabits a wide variety of plant communities, including vernal pools, valley grassland, scrub, coniferous forests, and open woodlands. It seems not to colonize after fire by seed, but rather by cormlets. After fire, plants are exposed to unshaded environments with little brush competition, and vigorously flower in open environments with increased soil nutrients. Grasslands that have been burned may exhibit thousands of plants where none have appeared in recent years. Corms may sit for a decade or more and wait for fire or other favorable environmental conditions before breaking ground. Suppression of fire may cause increased shade and plant competition and decrease population numbers of Dichelostemma capitatum. UsesCorms have been gathered by Native Americans in California, parts of the Great Basin, and the Southwest. These corms were an important starch source in their diet. California tribes dug and continue to dig the corms before flowering, during flowering, or after seeding depending on the tribe and individual family. Traditional gathering sites were visited annually, and there were gathering tracts with different kinds of corms and bulbs owned and maintained by particular families. Corms are eaten by animals such as black bears, mule deer, non-native wild pigs, rabbits, and pocket gophers. As some of the corms are eaten, others are dispersed. The animals detach the cormlets, which aerates the soil, prepares the seedbed, thins the plant population, and leaves some cormlets behind. Once separated, corms may take less time to reach flowering size. Although slow to flowering starting from seeds, it is sometimes used in horticulture. The flowers mix well in native beds, especially when contrasted against other California native species such as California poppies (Eschscholzia californica). With patience and proper care, these plants can become quite dramatic come spring. ManagementIndigenous people had several different types of management activities to ensure future corm production at gathering sites:
Periodic digging and thinning of the corms or separating the cormlets, and replanting them may have enhanced plant numbers and densities. Digging corms acts as a form of tillage, which will increase the size of the gathering tract, aerate the soil, lower weed competition, and prepare the seedbed to increase seed germination rates. Dichelostemma capitatum populations require periodic disturbance to maintain and increase their populations; therefore, indigenous harvesting regimes may help maintain populations. Populations that become overcrowded and show reduced vigor can be divided and separated. PropagationSeeds sown in the fall usually readily germinate and do not need special treatment. If planting seeds, they will take several years to reach flowering size. Propagation by corms is much easier. References1. ^Dichelostemma capitatum at Calflora 2. ^Encyclopedia of Herbs. Also see Dichelostemma capitatum 3. ^{{cite web | url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Dichelostemma+capitatum | last= Sullivan | first= Steven. K. | date= 2018 | title= Dichelostemma capitatum | website= Wildflower Search | accessdate= 2018-07-06 }} 4. ^Mojave Desert Wildflowers, Pam MacKay, 2nd ed., 2013, {{ISBN|978-0-7627-8033-4}} 5. ^{{cite web | url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Dichelostemma%20capitatum | date= 2018 | title= Dichelostemma capitatum | website= in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora | publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley | accessdate= 2018-07-06}} 6. ^[https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/50654-Dichelostemma-capitatum Dichelostemma capitatum] at iNaturalist External links
21 : Dichelostemma|Flora of Arizona|Flora of California|Flora of New Mexico|Flora of Nevada|Flora of Northwestern Mexico|Flora of Oregon|Flora of Utah|Flora of the Cascade Range|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Flora of the Sonoran Deserts|Flora of the California desert regions|Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Natural history of the Central Valley (California)|Natural history of the Mojave Desert|Natural history of the Peninsular Ranges|Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area|Natural history of the Santa Monica Mountains|Natural history of the Transverse Ranges|Garden plants of North America |
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