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词条 Directive Principles
释义

  1. History

  2. Characteristics

  3. Directives

  4. Implementation

  5. Amendments

  6. See also

  7. Notes

  8. References

{{Short desc|Governing principles of government divisions in India}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}{{Use Indian English|date=June 2016}}{{good article}}{{Politics of India}}

The Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) are the guidelines or principles given to the federal institutes governing the state of India, to be kept in citation while framing laws and policies. These provisions, contained in Part IV (Article 36-51) of the Constitution of India, are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered irrefutable in the governance of the country, making it the duty of the State[1] to apply these principles in making laws to establish a just society in the country. The principles have been inspired by the Directive Principles given in the Constitution of Ireland relate to social justice, economic welfare, foreign policy, and legal and administrative matters.

Directive Principles are classified under the following categories economic and socialistic, political and administrative, justice and legal, environmental, protection of monuments and peace and security.

History

{{see also|Indian independence movement}}

The concept of Directive Principles of State Policy was borrowed from the Irish Constitution. The makers of the Constitution of India were influenced by the Irish nationalist movement, particularly the Irish Home Rule Movement. Hence, the Directive Principles of the Indian constitution have been greatly influenced by the Directive Principles of Social Policy.[2] The idea of such policies "can be traced to the Declaration of the Rights of Man proclaimed by Revolutionary France and the Declaration of Independence by the American Colonies."[3]

The Indian constitution was also influenced by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

Indians, who were seeking independence from British rule and their own government, were particularly influenced by the independence of Ireland from British rule and the development of the Irish constitution. Also, the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Irish Constitution were looked upon by the people of India as an inspiration for the independent India's government to comprehensively tackle complex social and economic challenges across a vast, diverse nation and population.

In 1928, the Nehru Commission composing of representatives of Indian political parties proposed constitutional reforms for India that apart from calling for dominion status for India and elections under universal suffrage, would guarantee rights deemed fundamental, representation for religious and ethnic minorities, and limit the powers of the government. In 1931, the Indian National Congress (the largest Indian political party of the time) adopted resolutions committing itself to the defence of fundamental civil rights, as well as socio-economic rights such as the minimum wage and the abolition of untouchability and serfdom.[4] Committing themselves to socialism in 1936, the Congress leaders took examples from the constitution of the erstwhile USSR, which inspired the fundamental duties of citizens as a means of collective patriotic responsibility for national interests and challenges.

When India obtained independence on 15 August 1947, the task of developing a constitution for the nation was undertaken by the Constituent Assembly of India, composing of elected representatives under the presidency of Dr. Rajendra Prasad. While members of Congress composed of a large majority, Congress leaders appointed persons from diverse political backgrounds to responsibilities of developing the constitution and national laws.[5] Notably, Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar became the chairperson of the drafting committee, while Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel became chairperson of committees and sub-committees responsible for different subjects. A notable development during that period having significant effect on the Indian constitution took place on 10 December 1948 when the United Nations General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and called upon all member States to adopt these rights in their respective constitutions.

Both the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy were included in the I Draft Constitution (February 1948), the II Draft Constitution (17 October 1948) and the III and final Draft Constitution (26 November 1949), prepared by the Drafting Committee.

Characteristics

While debating on DPSP in the Constituent Assembly, Dr. Ambedkar stated on 19 November 1948 as given below high lighting that the DPSP shall be the basis of future governance of the country:[6]

{{Quote|text=It is the intention of this Assembly that in future both the legislature and the executive should not merely pay lip service to these principles enacted in this part, but that they should be made the basis of all executive and legislative action that may be taken hereafter in the matter of the governance of the country.}}

Directive Principles of State Policy aim to create social and economic conditions under which the citizens can lead a good life. They also aim to establish social and economic democracy through a welfare state. Though the Directive Principles are non-justiciable rights of the people but fundamental in the governance of the country, it shall be the duty of the State to apply these principles in making laws per Article 37. Besides, all executive agencies of union and states should also be guided by these principles.[1] Even the judiciary has to keep them in mind in deciding cases.[7][8]

Per Article 37, state and union governments, as duty, shall make further detailed policies and laws for implementation considering DPSPs as fundamental policy. In contrary to Article 37, many policies have been implemented by state and union governments which go against the DPSPs such as using intoxicating drinks as source of major tax revenue instead of implementing prohibition for better health of people, separation of judiciary from executive, uniform civil code for the citizen, etc. When the union government feels that a DPSP is no longer useful to the nation, it shall be deleted from Constitution by bringing a constitutional amendment to remove ambiguity in policy making / direction. Judiciary can repeal any policy/law devised by the government which is diametrically opposite to any DPSP.

An existing policy in line with DPSP can not be reversed, however it can be expanded further in line with DPSP. The policy changes applicable under DPSP shall not be reversible unless the applicable DPSP is deleted by constitutional amendment (ex. prohibition implemented once in a state can not be repealed later as long as it is part of DPSP)

Directives

The directive principles ensure that the State[1] shall strive to promote the welfare of the people by securing a social order in which social, economic and political justice is animated/informed in all institutions of life per Article 38 (1).[6] Dr. Ambedkar clarified as given below in the Constituent Assembly debates on Article 38 highlighting its inevitable implementation.

{{Quote|text=... The word 'strive' which occurs in the Draft Constitution, in judgement, is very important. We have used it because our intention is even when there are circumstances which prevent the Government, or which stand in the way of the Government giving effect to these Directive Principles, they shall, even under hard and unpropitious circumstances, always strive in the fulfilment of these Directives. That is why we have used the word 'strive'. Otherwise, it would be open for any Government to say that the circumstances are so bad, that the finances are so inadequate that we cannot even make an effort in the direction in which the Constitution asks us to go.}}

Also, the State shall strive to minimise the inequalities in income and endeavour to eliminate economic inequality as well as inequalities in status and opportunities, not only among individuals, but also among groups of people residing in different areas or engaged in different vocations per Article 38 (2). The State shall aim for securing right to an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens, both men and women as well as equal pay for equal work for both men and women. The State should work to prevent concentration of wealth and means of production in a few hands, and try to ensure that ownership and control of the material resources is distributed to best serve the common good. Child abuse and exploitation of workers should be prevented. Children should be allowed to develop in a healthy manner and should be protected against exploitation and against moral and material abandonment per Article 39. The State shall provide free legal aid to ensure that equal opportunities for securing justice is ensured to all, and is not denied by reason of economic or other disabilities per Article 39A. The State shall also work for organisation of village panchayats and help enable them to function as units of self-government per Article 40. The State shall endeavour to provide the right to work, to education and to public assistance in cases of unemployment, old age, sickness and disablement, within the limits of economic capacity per Article 41 as well as provide for just and humane conditions of work and maternity relief per Article 42.

The State should also ensure living wage and proper working conditions for workers, with full enjoyment of leisure and social and cultural activities. Also, the promotion of cottage industries in rural areas is one of the obligations of the State per Article 43 The State shall take steps to promote their participation in management of industrial undertakings per Article 43A

Also, the State shall endeavour to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens per Article 44 and provide free and compulsory education to all children till they attain the age of 14 years per Article 45. This directive regarding education of children was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.[9] It should work for the economic and educational upliftment of scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other weaker sections of the society per Article 46

The directive principles commit the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health, particularly by prohibiting intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health except for medicinal purposes per Article 47. It should also organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cows, calves, other milch and draught cattle per Article 48.[10] It should protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wild life of the country per Article 48A. This directive, regarding protection of forests and wildlife was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.[11]

Protection of monuments, places and objects of historic and artistic interest and national importance against destruction and damage per Article 49 and separation of judiciary from executive in public services per Article 50 are also the obligations of the State as laid down in the directive principles. Finally Article 51 ensure that the State shall strive for the promotion and maintenance of international peace and security, just and honourable relations between nations, respect for international law and treaty obligations, as well as settlement of international disputes by arbitration.

Implementation

There is no need of any constitutional amendment and simple legislation by the Parliament is adequate to implement the Directive Principles as applicable laws per Article 245 as they are already enshrined in the constitution. The State has made few efforts till now to implement the Directive Principles.

The Programme of Universalisation of Elementary Education and the five-year plans has been accorded the highest priority in order to provide free education to all children up to the age of 14 years.The 86th constitutional amendment of 2002 inserted a new article, Article 21-A, into the Constitution, that seeks to provide free and compulsory education to all children aged 6 to 14 years.[9] Welfare schemes for the weaker sections are being implemented both by the Central and State governments. These include programmes such as boys' and girls' hostels for scheduled castes' or scheduled tribes' students.[12] The year 1990-1991 was declared as the "Year of Social Justice" in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar.[13] The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes or scheduled tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses. During 2002-2003, a sum of Rs. 47.7 million was released for this purpose.[14] In order that scheduled castes and scheduled tribes are protected from atrocities, the Government enacted the Prevention of Atrocities Act, which provided severe punishments for such atrocities.[15]

Several Land Reform Acts were enacted to provide ownership rights to poor farmers.[16] Up to September 2001, more than 20,000,000 acres (80,000 km²) of land had been distributed simple, speedy and inexpensive redressal to the consumers' grievances, award relief and compensation wherever appropriate to the consumer.{{Citation needed|date=February 2011}} The Equal Remuneration Act of 1976, provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women.[17] The Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of gainful employment for the rural poor. The programme was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.[18]

Panchayati Raj now covers almost all states and Union territories.[19] One-third of the total number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level; in the case of Bihar, half the seats have been reserved for women.[20][21] Legal aid at the expense of the State has been made compulsory in all cases pertaining to criminal law, if the accused is too poor to engage a lawyer. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in all the states and Union territories except Jammu and Kashmir and Nagaland.[14]

India's Foreign Policy has also to some degree been influenced by the DPSPs. India, in the past has condemned all acts of aggression and has also supported the United Nations' peace-keeping activities. By 2004, the Indian Army had participated in 37 UN peace-keeping operations. India played a key role in the passing of a UN resolution in 2003, which envisaged better co-operation between the Security Council and the troop-contributing countries.[22] India has also been in favour of nuclear disarmament.[14]

Per Article 38 (1), prompt rendering of the justice by courts is part of animating judiciary.[23] Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the Preamble to the constitution also.[6] However the judiciary is failing dismally in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty.[24]

Amendments

Changes in Directive Principles require a Constitutional amendment which has to be passed by a special majority of both houses of the Parliament. This means that an amendment requires the approval of two-thirds of the members present and voting and by the absolute majority of the house – whether the Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha.

  • Article 31-C, amended by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 seeking to upgrade the DPSPs. If laws are made to give effect to any of the Directive Principles overriding Fundamental Rights, they shall not be invalid on the grounds that they take away the Fundamental Rights. In Minerva Mills v. Union of India case, Supreme Court ruled that 42nd Amendment Act to the Article 31C is not valid and ultra vires.
  • Articles 38 (2), was added by the Forty-fourth Amendment Act, 1978 of the Constitution
  • Articles 43A, was added by the Forty-second Amendment Act, 1976 of the Constitution
  • Article 45, which ensures Provision for free and compulsory education for children, was added by the 86th Amendment Act, 2002.[9]
  • Article 48A, which ensures Protection and improvement of environment and safeguarding of forests and wild life, was added by the 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
  • Articles 49, was modified by the Seventh Amendment Act, 1956 of the Constitution

See also

  • Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India
  • Fundamental Rights in India
  • Government of India
  • Parliament of India
  • List of amendments of the Constitution of India
  • Writs in Indian law

Notes

1. ^1 2 The term "State" includes all authorities within the territorial periphery of India. It includes the Government of India, the Parliament of India, the Government and legislature of the states of India. It also includes all local or other authorities such as Municipal Corporations, Municipal Boards, District Boards, Panchayats etc. To avoid confusion with the term states and territories of India, State (encompassing all the authorities in India) has been capitalized and the term state is in lower case.
2. ^Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-39
3. ^{{cite book | last = Pylee | first = M.V. | year = 1999 | title = India's Constitution | publisher = S. Chand and Company | location = New Delhi | isbn = 81-219-1907-X}}
4. ^{{cite book | last = Gandhi | first = Rajmohan | title = Patel: A Life | page = 206}}
5. ^{{cite web | last = UNI | authorlink = United News of India | url = http://www.rediff.com/freedom/22patel.htm | title = Sardar Patel was the real architect of the Constitution | website = Rediffmail.com | accessdate = 15 May 2006}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/682692/ |title=Constituent Assembly of India - Volume VII |date=19 November 1948 |accessdate=31 August 2017}}
7. ^Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-39 to A-40
8. ^Sinha, Savita, Das, Supta & Rashmi, Neeraja (2005), Social Science – Part II, pg. 29
9. ^1 2 86th Amendment Act, 2002.
10. ^Article 48
11. ^42nd Amendment Act, 1976
12. ^Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-44
13. ^{{cite web |url = http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/bharat.htm |title = Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar |website = ambedkarfoundation.nic.in |publisher = Dr. Ambedkar Foundation |accessdate = 29 June 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060505044856/http://ambedkarfoundation.nic.in/html/bharat.htm |archivedate = 5 May 2006 |df = dmy-all}}
14. ^1 2 Tayal, B.B. & Jacob, A. (2005), Indian History, World Developments and Civics, pg. A-45
15. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.hrw.org/reports/1999/india/India994-18.htm| title = Prevention of Atrocities Act, 1995| website = hrw.org| publisher = Human Rights Watch| accessdate = 29 June 2006}}
16. ^40th Amendment Act, 1976
17. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.indialawinfo.com/bareacts/equal.html |title = Equal Remuneration Act, 1976 |website = indialawinfo.com |accessdate = 29 June 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060322114700/http://www.indialawinfo.com/bareacts/equal.html |archivedate = 22 March 2006 |df = dmy-all}}
18. ^{{cite web| url = http://rural.nic.in/book01-02/ch-2.pdf| title = Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana, 2001| format = PDF| website = rural.nic.in| publisher = Ministry of Rural Development, India| accessdate = 29 June 2006}}
19. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.empowerpoor.org/backgrounder.asp?report=164| title = Panchayati Raj in India| website = empowerpoor.org| publisher = Poorest Areas Civil Society| accessdate = 29 June 2006}}
20. ^73rd Amendment Act, 1992
21. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.newpaltz.edu/asianstudies/nycas/2004%20UG%20Ryan%20Prize%20Alexandra%20Geertz.pdf |title = Seat Reservation for Women in Local Panchayats |format = PDF |pages = 2 |accessdate = 29 June 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070205213518/http://www.newpaltz.edu/asianstudies/nycas/2004%20UG%20Ryan%20Prize%20Alexandra%20Geertz.pdf |archivedate = 5 February 2007 |df = dmy-all}}
22. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html |title = Indian and United Nations |publisher = Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations |accessdate = 29 June 2006 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060504184925/http://www.un.int/india/india_and_the_un_pkeeping.html |archivedate = 4 May 2006 |df = dmy-all}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=Rule of law index, 2016|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/|accessdate=3 June 2017}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=What causes judicial delay? Judgements diluting time frames in Code of Civil Procedure worsen the problem of adjournments|url=http://blogs.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/toi-edit-page/what-causes-judicial-delay-judgments-diluting-timeframes-in-code-of-civil-procedure-worsen-the-problem-of-adjournments/|accessdate=13 September 2017}}

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