| 词条 | Carol Gilligan |
| 释义 |
| image = Carol and James Gilligan P1010970.jpg | caption = Carol Gilligan and James Gilligan in 2011 | name = Carol Gilligan | pseudonym = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1936|11|28|mf=yes}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | occupation = Professor | nationality = American | period = | genre = | subject = Psychology, Ethics, Feminism | movement = | notableworks = In a Different Voice | influences = | spouse = James Gilligan | influenced = | website = }} Carol Gilligan ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|g|ɪ|l|ɪ|g|ən}}; born November 28, 1936) is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics. She is a professor at New York University and a visiting professor at the University of Cambridge. She is teaching as a visiting professor at New York University, Abu Dhabi. She is best known for her 1982 work, In a Different Voice. Her work has been credited with inspiring the passage of the 1994 Gender Equity in Education Act. In 1996, Time magazine listed her among America's 25 most influential people.[1] She is the founder of ethics of care. Background and careerCarol Gilligan was raised in a Jewish family in New York City.[1] She was the only child of a lawyer, William Friedman, and nursery school teacher, Mabel Caminez. She attended Walden School, a progressive private school on Manhattan's Upper West Side, played piano and pursued a career in modern dance during her graduate studies. Gilligan received her B.A. summa cum laude in English literature from Swarthmore College, a master's degree in clinical psychology from Radcliffe College, and a Ph.D. in social psychology from Harvard University.[2] She began her teaching career at Harvard in 1967, receiving tenure with the Harvard Graduate School of Education in 1988. Gilligan taught for two years at the University of Cambridge (from 1992–1994) as the Pitt Professor of American History and Institutions. In 1997, she became Patricia Albjerg Graham Chair in Gender Studies at Harvard.[2] Gilligan left Harvard in 2002 to join New York University as a full professor with the School of Education and the School of Law. She is also visiting professor at the University of Cambridge in the Centre for Gender Studies.[3] Best known for her work, In a Different Voice (1982), Gilligan studied women's psychology and girls’ development and co-authored or edited a number of texts with her students.[3] She contributed the piece "Sisterhood Is Pleasurable: A Quiet Revolution in Psychology" to the 2003 anthology The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan.[4] She published her first novel, Kyra, in 2008.[5][6] She is married to James Gilligan, M.D., who directed the Center for the Study of Violence at Harvard Medical School.[7] PsychologyGilligan is known for her work with Lawrence Kohlberg on his stages of moral development as well as her criticism of his approach to the stages. Despite being Kohlberg's research assistant, Gilligan argued that Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development were male-oriented, which limited their ability to be generalized to females. Gilligan thus proposed her theory of stages of female moral development based on her idea of moral voices. According to Gilligan, there are two kinds of moral voices: that of the masculine and the feminine. The masculine voice is "logical and individualistic",[8] meaning that the emphasis in moral decisions is protecting the rights of people and making sure justice is upheld. The feminine voice places more emphasis on protecting interpersonal relationships and taking care of other people. This voice focuses on the "care perspective,"[9] which means focusing on the needs of the individual in order to make an ethical decision. For Gilligan, Kohlberg's stages of moral development were emphasizing the masculine voice, making it difficult to accurately gauge a woman's moral development because of this incongruity in voices. Gilligan argues that androgyny, or integrating the masculine and the feminine, is the best way to realize one's potential as a human. Gilligan's stages of female moral development has been shown in business settings as an explanation to the different ways men and women handle ethical issues in the workplace as well.[10] Ethics of careIn her book In a Different Voice Gilligan presented her ethics of care theory as an alternative to Lawrence Kohlberg's hierarchal and principled approach to ethics. In contrast to Kohlberg, who claimed that girls, and therefore also women, did not in general develop their moral abilities to the highest levels, Gilligan argued that women approached ethical problems differently from men.[11] According to Gilligan, women's moral viewpoints center around the understanding of responsibilities and relationship whilst men's moral viewpoints instead center around the understanding of moral fairness, which is tied to rights and rules. Women also tend to see moral issues as a problem of conflicting responsibilities rather than competing rights. So whilst women perceive the situation as more contextual and narrative, men define the situation as more formal and abstract. She calls the different moral approaches "ethics of care" and "ethics of justice" and recognizes them as fundamentally incompatible.[12] CriticismThe Boston Globe stated that "In a Different Voice has been the subject of so many rebuttals that it is no longer taken seriously as an academic work", and that Gilligan's findings, that differences in moral reasoning had anything to do with gender, could not be replicated."[13] Unsurprised by such criticism, Gilligan responded she based her conclusions on interviews, not statistical surveys, and never meant for her ideas to be set in stone: “I thought of the book as the opening of a conversation,” she said, “certainly not the close of one.”[14] Her ethics of care have been criticized by other feminist scholars such as Jaclyn Friedman, who argues that the different ethics of women and men are in fact a result of societal expectations. Since we expect women and men to think differently about ethics women and men as a result do present differences. The different modes of reasoning are therefore a socially constructed dichotomy simply reproducing itself through our expectations of how women and men act.[12] Awards
Selected bibliographyBooks
From the novel The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne. Co-written with her son Jonathan and produced by Prime Stage Theatre in November 2011. Educational fact sheet about the play.
Book chapters
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/gilligan-carol|title=Carol Gilligan|last=Medea|first=Andrea|date=March 1, 2009|website=Jewish Women's Archive|accessdate=July 22, 2012}} 2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html|title=Carol Gilligan (1936-present)|last=|first=|website=|publisher=Webster University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716194242/http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html|archivedate=July 16, 2012|deadurl=yes|accessdate=July 22, 2012|df=}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/offices/comm/news/newsfull.shtml?nomy=1&node=5561645&full=1|title=Gilligan to Be MHC Commencement Speaker|last=|first=|date=April 18, 2008|website=News & Events|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=July 22, 2012}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://vufind.carli.illinois.edu/vf-dpu/Record/dpu_536804/TOC|title=Sisterhood is forever|last=|first=|date=|website=University Library Catalog|publisher=DePaul University|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=2015-10-15}} 5. ^{{Cite news|title=Gilligan Turns to Fictional Love Story in 'Kyra'|last=Hanson|first=Liane|date=January 13, 2008|work=National Public Radio|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=18056129|access-date=July 22, 2012|department=Weekend Edition|type=7 minutes and 10 second excerpt of the radio broadcast.}} 6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://nyti.ms/2D12jQ1|title=Kyra|last=Thomas|first=Louisa|date=February 3, 2008|work=New York Times|access-date=September 16, 2018|department=Book Review}} 7. ^{{cite web|author=Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs |url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1997/09.25/Gilliganapionee.html |title=Gilligan a pioneer in gender studies |publisher=News.harvard.edu |date=1997-09-25 |accessdate=2012-07-22}} 8. ^{{Cite journal|last=Muuss|first=R. E.|date=Spring 1988|title=Carol Giligan's theory of sex differences in the development of moral reasoning during adolescence|journal=Adolescence|volume=23|issue=89|pages=229–243|issn=0001-8449|pmid=3381683}} 9. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kyte|first1=Richard|title=Moral reasoning as perception: A reading of Carol Gilligan|journal=Hypatia|date=1996|volume=11|issue=3|pages=97–113|doi=10.1111/j.1527-2001.1996.tb01017.x}} 10. ^{{cite journal|last1=White|first1=Thomas|title=Business, ethics, and Carol Gilligan's "Two Voices"|journal=Business Ethics Quarterly|date=1992|volume=2|issue=1|pages=51–61|doi=10.2307/3857223|jstor=3857223}} 11. ^{{Cite book|title=Feminist Philosophies A-Z|last=McHugh|first=Nancy Arden|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7486-2217-7|location=|pages=39}} 12. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Contemporary Political Philosophy|last=Kymlicka|first=Will|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0198782742|edition=2nd|location=New York|pages=|lccn=2001053100}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/ideas/2012/06/23/carol-gilligan/toGqkSSmZQC3v4KhFyQ5bK/story.html|title=Carol Gilligan’s Persistent 'Voice'|last=Graham|first=Ruth|date=June 24, 2012|work=Boston Globe|accessdate=January 9, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|title=The Book that Listened to Girls|url=https://www.theattic.space/home-page-blogs/2018/6/8/hearing-the-voices-of-girls|website=The Attic|accessdate=9 July 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=1992- Carol Gilligan |url=http://grawemeyer.org/education/previous-winners/1992-carol-gilligan.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610230751/http://grawemeyer.org/education/previous-winners/1992-carol-gilligan.html |archivedate=2015-06-10 |df= }} 16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.heinzawards.net/recipients/carol-gilligan|title=The Heinz Awards :: Carol Gilligan|website=www.heinzawards.net|language=en|access-date=2018-03-15}} External links
32 : 1936 births|Living people|20th-century American philosophers|21st-century American philosophers|20th-century American writers|20th-century American women writers|21st-century American non-fiction writers|21st-century American women writers|American women philosophers|Feminist philosophers|American ethicists|Place of birth missing (living people)|American psychologists|American women psychologists|Developmental psychologists|Feminist psychologists|Gender studies academics|Jewish American social scientists|Jewish feminists|Jewish philosophers|American feminist writers|Grawemeyer Award winners|Harvard Graduate School of Education faculty|New York University faculty|Postmodern feminists|Radcliffe College alumni|Swarthmore College alumni|Academics of the University of Cambridge|Fellows of Jesus College, Cambridge|Harvard University alumni|American women non-fiction writers|Walden School (New York City) alumni |
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