| 词条 | Direct Selling Association |
| 释义 |
| name = Direct Selling Association | native_name = | native_name_lang = | named_after = | image = DSA(US)-logo.png | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | map2 = | map2_size = | map2_alt = | map2_caption = | abbreviation = | motto = | predecessor = | merged = | successor = | formation = {{start date|1910}} | founder = | founding_location = | extinction = | merger = | type = | tax_id = | registration_id = | status = | purpose = Trade association for direct selling (multilevel marketing) companies | headquarters = Washington DC | location = | coords = | region = | services = | products = | methods = | fields = | membership = 130 companies[1] (approximate) | membership_year = | language = | owner = | sec_gen = | leader_title = Chairman | leader_name = John P. Parker[2] | leader_title2 = | leader_name2 = | leader_title3 = | leader_name3 = | leader_title4 = | leader_name4 = | board_of_directors = | key_people = | main_organ = | parent_organization = | subsidiaries = | secessions = | affiliations = | budget = | budget_year = | revenue = | revenue_year = | disbursements = | expenses = | expenses_year = | endowment = | staff = | staff_year = | volunteers = | volunteers_year = | slogan = | mission = | website = {{URL|http://dsa.org}} | remarks = | formerly = | footnotes = }} The Direct Selling Association (DSA) is the name of several similar trade associations in the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Malaysia, Singapore, and New Zealand that represent direct selling companies, primarily those that use multi-level marketing compensation plans. On behalf of its members' companies, the DSA engages in public relations and lobbying efforts against regulation of the multi-level marketing industry, and it funds political candidates through a political action committee.[3][4][5][6] History in the USThe American DSA, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the national trade association of a group of firms that manufacture and distribute goods and services sold directly to consumers typically through multi-level marketing. Founded in Binghamton, New York in 1910 as a trade group for door-to-door salesmen, the association was originally called the Agents Credit Association. It was renamed the National Association of Agency Companies (NAAC) in 1914, and briefly renamed the National Association of Agency and Mail Order Companies in 1917, before returning to the NAAC in 1920. It became the Direct Selling Association in 1968.[7] As of 1970, less than 5% of the DSA's members were multi-level marketing companies. By 2018, the DSA's membership had grown to include nearly 130 companies, more than 90% of which were multi-level marketing companies.[1] The DSA belongs to the National Retail Federation and its member companies pledge to abide by the DSA code of ethics. [8]In other countriesAs of 2011, the DSA has sister organizations in the UK (with over 40 member companies),[9] Australia (nearly 70 member companies),[10] and Israel (7 member companies),[11]{{Clear}} Political lobbyingThe DSA serves as a public relations and lobbying group acting on behalf of its member companies.[3][6] The DSA played a role in petitioning the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to exempt multi-level marketing companies from consumer protection regulations outlined in the FTC's 2006 proposed Business Opportunity Rule, encouraging people to write 17,000 form letters complaining about the rule from 2006 to 2008.[5][16][12] The law was passed in 2012, with most multi-level marketing companies considered exempt.[13] The DSA supported and allegedly drafted much of the language of the "Anti-Pyramid Promotional Scheme Act" introduced by US Representative Marsha Blackburn, and an amendment to the US House of Representatives' omnibus Financial Services and General Government Appropriations bill for fiscal year 2018 by US Representative John Moolenaar that would have limited the ability of the FTC and other agencies to classify companies as pyramid schemes and to investigate whether MLMs are pyramid schemes.[14][15] The amendment would have disbarred the Treasury Department, the Judiciary Department, the Small Business Administration, the Securities and Exchange Commission, the FTC, or any other agencies from using any monies to take enforcement actions against pyramid operations for the fiscal year.[15] The Act would blur the lines between legitimate MLM activity and pyramid schemes established under the original 1979 FTC case by deeming sales made to people inside the company as sales to an “ultimate user,” thus erasing the key distinction made in the ruling between sales to actual consumers of a product and sales made to members of the MLM network that are used for recruitment of additional members or to qualify for commissions.[16][15][17] The amendment was opposed by a coalition of consumer interest groups including Consumer Action, the Consumer Federation of America, Consumers Union (the publisher of Consumer Reports magazine), Consumer Watchdog, the National Consumers League, and the United States Public Interest Research Group (US PIRG),[16] as well as Truth in Advertising (TINA.org) in its original incarnation.[17] The DSA also funds political candidates through its political action committee.[4] Pyramid schemesThe DSA has said that pyramid schemes which disguise themselves as direct selling companies have caused confusion in the industry.[18] In 2013, Tupperware — which does not use multi-level marketing — left the DSA citing industry changes and concerns over pyramid schemes.[19] In 2014, Avon (a founding member) left the DSA citing that its bylaws were inadequate in protecting consumers from fraud. News reports have connected Avon's quitting to pyramid scheme allegations against DSA member Herbalife, which was under investigation by the FTC at the time,[19][31][20] and has now been ordered agreed to pay two hundred million dollars in a settlement.[21] The DSA made a statement that they would look at Avon's concerns.[22] References1. ^1 {{cite web |title=Search Results For Company: DSA |url=https://www.dsa.org/forms/CompanyFormPublicMembers/search?action=find |website=www.dsa.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Committee: DSA Board of Directors: DSA |url=https://www.dsa.org/forms/committee/CommitteeFormPublic/view?id=7F3000604E6 |website=www.dsa.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|last=Barrett|first=Stephen|title=Consumer Health Digest #11-39|url=http://www.ncahf.org/digest11/11-39.html|publisher=National Council Against Health Fraud|accessdate=June 16, 2012}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|title=Direct Selling Association Political Action Committee PAC - Qualified 2012 Committee |url=http://fec-committee-contributions.theblaze.com/l/11665/Direct-Selling-Association-Political-Action-Committee |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130203191116/http://fec-committee-contributions.theblaze.com/l/11665/Direct-Selling-Association-Political-Action-Committee |dead-url=yes |archive-date=February 3, 2013 |accessdate=June 16, 2012 |newspaper=The Blaze }} 5. ^1 {{cite news|last=Klein|first=Karen E.|title=The Multibillion-Dollar Direct-Selling Industry Dodges the FTC|url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2012-04-16/the-multibillion-dollar-direct-selling-industry-dodges-the-ftc#p1|accessdate=June 16, 2012|newspaper=Bloomberg News|date=April 16, 2012}} 6. ^1 {{cite web| last=Taylor| first=Jon M.| title=Direct Selling Association (DSA) vs. Consumers| url=http://mlm-thetruth.com/legal/legal/dsa-vs-cons/| publisher=Consumers Awareness Institute| year=| accessdate=2012-06-17| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120613215210/http://mlm-thetruth.com/legal/legal/dsa-vs-cons| archivedate=2012-06-13| df=}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=History - Direct Selling Association (US)|url=http://www.dsa.org/about-dsa/history-of-dsa |publisher=Direct Selling Association (US)|accessdate=21 December 2014}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=DSA Code of Ethics|url=http://www.dsa.org/ethics/|publisher=Direct Selling Association (UK)|accessdate=June 17, 2012}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=Direct Selling Organization (UK) Member Companies |url=http://www.dsa.org.uk/becoming-a-dsa-member/dsa-members/ |publisher=Direct Selling Association (UK) |accessdate=12 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822181621/http://www.dsa.org.uk/becoming-a-dsa-member/dsa-members/ |archivedate=22 August 2010 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Direct Selling Association of Australia - List of Members |url=http://www.dsaa.asn.au/list-of-members.asp |publisher=Direct Selling Association of Australia |accessdate=12 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110809123800/http://www.dsaa.asn.au/list-of-members.asp |archivedate=9 August 2011 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite web|title=Direct Selling Association (Israel) - Members |url=http://www.dsa.org.il/the-direct-selling-association.html |publisher=Direct Selling Association (Israel) |language=Hebrew |accessdate=12 August 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721143226/http://www.dsa.org.il/the-direct-selling-association.html |archivedate=21 July 2011 |df= }} 12. ^{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Herb|authorlink1=Herb Greenberg|title=How Multi-Level Marketers Dodged a Bullet|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100360456|accessdate=31 July 2015|work=CNBC|date=9 January 2013}} 13. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Stroud|first1=Matt|title=How lobbying dollars prop up pyramid schemes|url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/4/8/5590550/alleged-pyramid-schemes-lobbying-ftc|accessdate=31 July 2015|work=The Verge|date=8 April 2014}} 14. ^{{cite news|last1=Kosman|first1=John|title=DeVos’ family seeks deregulation of Amway so it can beat Herbalife|url=https://nypost.com/2017/09/18/devos-family-seeks-deregulation-of-amway-so-it-can-beat-herbalife/|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=New York Post|date=18 September 2017}} 15. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Gingerich|first1=Jon|title=Pyramid Scheme Protection Law Pits Legal Group Against Multilevel Marketers|url=http://www.odwyerpr.com/story/public/9601/2017-10-20/pyramid-scheme-protection-law-pits-legal-group-against-multilevel-marketers.html|accessdate=6 May 2018|work=O'Dwyer's: The Inside News of PR & Marketing Communications|date=20 October 2017}} 16. ^1 {{cite news|last1=NCL Communications|title=Public interest groups' letter to Congress in opposition of Moolenaar pyramid scheme rider|url=http://www.nclnet.org/congress_moolenaar_letter|accessdate=6 May 2018|publisher=National Consumers League|date=March 2018}} 17. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Vander Nat|first1=Peter|title=Why This Anti-Pyramid Scheme Bill is Outrageously Wrong for Consumers|url=https://www.truthinadvertising.org/why-hr-5230-is-wrong/|publisher=Truth in Advertising (TINA.org)|accessdate=6 May 2018}} 18. ^{{cite news|last1=Greenberg|first1=Herb|last2=Frayter|first2=Karina|title=Why Spotting a Pyramid Scheme Isn't So Easy|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100364484|accessdate=31 July 2015|work=CNBC|date=9 January 2013}} 19. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Ehrenfreund|first1=Max|title=Avon splits with trade group, citing risk of pyramid schemes|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2014/09/16/avon-splits-with-trade-group-citing-risk-of-pyramid-schemes/|accessdate=31 July 2015|work=Washington Post|date=16 September 2014}} 20. ^{{cite news|last1=Smith|first1=Ernie|title=It's Not Me, It's You: Why Avon Left an Association it Helped Found|url=http://associationsnow.com/2014/09/avon-left-association-helped-found/|accessdate=31 July 2015|work=Associations Now|date=19 September 2014}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-herbalife-probe-ftc-idUSKCN0ZV1F7|title=Herbalife settles pyramid scheme case with regulator, in blow to Pershing's Ackman|date=15 July 2016|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=15 July 2016}} 22. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Berr|first1=Jonathan|title=Why Avon quit direct-sales group|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/whats-behind-avons-surprising-decision-to-quit-trade-group/|accessdate=31 July 2015|agency=CBS News}} External links
2 : Direct selling|Multi-level marketing |
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