“Discrete emotion theory”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Discrete emotion theory states that these specific core emotions are biologically determined emotional responses whose expression and recognition is fundamentally the same for all individuals regardless of ethnic or cultural differences.

History

The biological and physiological underpinnings of emotions were discussed^[4] by Aristotle in De Anima, by Charles Darwin in The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872), by William James (1884),^[5] and by John Dewey (1895).^[6]

Tomkins' (1962, 1963) idea was influenced by Darwin's concept. He proposed that there is a limited number of pancultural basic emotions or "affect programs". His conclusion was that there are eight pancultural affect programs: surprise, interest, joy, rage, fear, disgust, shame, and anguish.

Edwin Newman and colleagues believed emotions were a combination of one's experiences, physiology, and behaviour.

Ross Buck came up with the facial feedback hypothesis, "that skeletal muscle feedback from facial expressions plays a causal role in regulating emotional experience and behaviour".^[7]

After performing a series of cross-cultural studies, Paul Ekman and Carroll Izard reported that there are various similarities in the way people across the world produce and recognize the facial expressions of at least six emotions.^[8]

Evidence for the theory

A study investigated whether the emotions behind specific facial expressions could be identified by people from a group in New Guinea who had had little to no exposure to Westerners and who had never seen a movie. The researchers showed the people pictures of people portraying six different emotions that are known as core emotions: happiness, anger, sadness, disgust, surprise and fear. Researchers found that the people of New Guinea could in fact point out the different emotions and distinguish between them.^[9]

Various parts in the brain can trigger different emotions. For example, the amygdala is the locus of fear. The amygdala senses fear and it orchestrates physical actions and emotions.^[10] From this experiment, researchers concluded that these specific emotions are innate. They also looked at pictures of people ranging in age from infants to elders, and saw that the core emotions look the same, further supporting the discrete emotion hypothesis. Additionally, deaf and blind children show typical facial expressions for these same core emotions.

Criticism

James Russell and Lisa Barrett^[10] have criticized^[4] discrete emotion theory on several points. Those include problems in finding correspondences between discrete emotions and brain activity, variability in facial expressions and behavior,^[11] and gradations in emotional responses.

See also

Bibliography

References

1. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Izard | first1 = C. E. | last2 = Libero | first2 = D. Z. | last3 = Putnam | first3 = P. | last4 = Haynes | first4 = O. M. | year = 1993 | title = Stability of emotion experiences and their relations to traits of personality | url = | journal = Journal of Personality and Social Psychology | volume = 64 | issue = 5| pages = 847–860 | doi=10.1037/0022-3514.64.5.847}}
2. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Boyle | first1 = G. J. | year = 1984 | title = Reliability and validity of Izard's Differential Emotions Scale | url = | journal = Personality and Individual Differences | volume = 5 | issue = 6| pages = 747–750 | doi=10.1016/0191-8869(84)90124-7}}
3. ^{{Cite book |doi = 10.1016/B978-0-12-386915-9.00001-2|chapter = Criteria for Selection and Evaluation of Scales and Measures|title = Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs|pages = 3–15|year = 2015|last1 = Boyle|first1 = Gregory J.|last2 = Saklofske|first2 = Donald H.|last3 = Matthews|first3 = Gerald|isbn = 9780123869159}}
4. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Colombetti|first1=Giovanna|title=From affect programs to dynamical discrete emotions|journal=Philosophical Psychology|volume=22|issue=4|year=2009|pages=407–425|issn=0951-5089|doi=10.1080/09515080903153600|citeseerx=10.1.1.728.9666}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=James|first1=William|title=What is an Emotion?|journal=Mind|volume=os-IX|issue=34|year=1884|pages=188–205|issn=0026-4423|doi=10.1093/mind/os-IX.34.188}}
6. ^{{cite journal|last1=Dewey|first1=John|title=The theory of emotion.|journal=Psychological Review|volume=2|issue=1|year=1895|pages=13–32|issn=0033-295X|doi=10.1037/h0070927}}
7. ^{{cite journal |last= Buck|first= Ross|date= 1980|title= Nonverbal Behavior and the Theory of Emotion: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis|url= |journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|publisher= |volume= 38|issue= 5|page= 813|doi= 10.1037/0022-3514.38.5.811}}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Paul Ekman|title=Emotions Revealed, Second Edition: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tNz0cm6mZsEC&pg=PR13|date=20 March 2007|publisher=Henry Holt and Company|isbn=978-0-8050-8339-2|pages=13–}}
9. ^{{cite journal |last= Ekman |first= Paul|last2= Friesen|first2= Wallace V.|date= 1971|title= Constants Across Cultures in the Face and Emotion|url=http://www.ekmaninternational.com/ResearchFiles/Constants-Across-Cultures-In-The-Face-And-Emotion.pdf |journal= Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|publisher= |volume= 17|issue= 2|pages= 124–129|doi=10.1037/h0030377 |accessdate=27 February 2015 |pmid=5542557}}
10. ^¹{{cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Lisa Feldman|last2=Gendron|first2=Maria|last3=Huang|first3=Yang-Ming|title=Do discrete emotions exist?|journal=Philosophical Psychology|volume=22|issue=4|year=2009|pages=427–437|issn=0951-5089|doi=10.1080/09515080903153634}}
11. ^{{cite journal|last1=Barrett|first1=Lisa Feldman|title=Variety is the spice of life: A psychological construction approach to understanding variability in emotion|journal=Cognition & Emotion|volume=23|issue=7|year=2009|pages=1284–1306|issn=0269-9931|doi=10.1080/02699930902985894|pmid=20221411|pmc=2835153}}