| 词条 | Distichodontidae |
| 释义 |
| name = Distichodontidae | image = Distichodus maculatus.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Distichodus maculatus | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Actinopterygii | ordo = Characiformes | subordo = Citharinoidei | familia = Distichodontidae | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = 17, See article. }} The Distichodontidae are a family of African freshwater fishes of the order Characiformes.[1] Two evolutionary grades are found in this family; micropredators (predators of very small organisms like aquatic insect larvae) and herbivores have a nonprotractile upper jaw and a deep to shallow body, while carnivores have a movable upper jaw and an elongated body.[1] Although the herbivores primarily feed on plant material, these species often have omnivorous tendencies. The carnivores include specialized fish-eaters (genus Mesoborus), fin-eaters (Belonophago, Eugnathichthys and Phago) and species that will feed on both whole fish and fins (Ichthyborus). The fin-eaters attack other fish, even ones that are much larger, where they bite off pierces of fins with their sharp teeth.[2][3][4] The fish in Distichodontidae vary greatly in size among species, with the smallest micropredators being less than {{convert|8|cm|in|abbr=on}} in length, and the largest herbivores can reach up to {{convert|83|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[5] GeneraThe 17 genera include about 90 species:[6]
References1. ^1 {{cite book | title = Fishes of the World | last = Nelson | first = Joseph, S. | publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc. | year = 2006 | isbn = 0-471-25031-7}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q149326}}{{characiformes-stub}}2. ^Lavoué, S.; M.E.Arnegard; D.L. Rabosky; P.B. McIntyre; D. Arcila; R.P. Vari; M. Nishida (2017). Trophic evolution in African citharinoid fishes (Teleostei: Characiformes) and the origin of intraordinal pterygophagy. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 113: 23-32. {{doi|10.1016/j.ympev.2017.05.001}} 3. ^Matthes, H. (1961). Feeding Habit of Some Central African Freshwater Fishes. Nature 192: 78–80. 4. ^Arroyave, J.; M.L.J. Stiassny (2014). DNA barcoding reveals novel insights into pterygophagy and prey selection in distichodontid fishes (Characiformes: Distichodontidae). Ecology and evolution 4(23): 4534–4542. {{doi|10.1002/ece3.1321}} 5. ^{{cite book |editor=Paxton, J.R. |editor2=Eschmeyer, W.N.|author1=Weitzman, S.H. |author2=Vari, R.P.|year=1998|title=Encyclopedia of Fishes|publisher= Academic Press|location=San Diego|page= 101|isbn= 0-12-547665-5}} 6. ^{{FishBase family | family = Distichodontidae| month = October | year = 2011}} 7. ^Musschoot, T. & Snoeks, J. (2016): Re-establishment of the genus Monostichodus Vaillant 1886 (Characiformes, Distichodontidae). Journal of Fish Biology, 90 (3): 1080-1082. 1 : Distichodontidae |
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