| 词条 | Domingo de Soto |
| 释义 |
Domingo de Soto (1494 – November 15, 1560) was a Dominican priest and Scholastic theologian born in Segovia, Spain, and died in Salamanca at the age of 66. He is best known as one of the founders of international law and of the Spanish Thomistic philosophical and theological movement known as the School of Salamanca. BiographyTrained in Alcalá, Spain, and Paris, France, before being made professor of Philosophy at Alcalá in 1520, he left academia in 1524 to join the Dominicans and returned to take the chair of theology at Salamanca University in 1532.[1] He is best known in economic theory and theological circles for his writings defending the price differential in usury as compatible with "just price" from the perspective of the Thomists. He held powerful positions, including Confessor of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the emperor's representative at the Council of Trent. ThoughtUsuryDe Soto was concerned about the complexity that had emerged from unclear moral standards of usury. He complained that the merchants had invented convoluted schemes in order to meet the conflicting demands of church leaders.{{sfn|Poitras|2016|p=75}}{{sfn|Poitras|2000|p=81}} His position should be seen within the background of his Franciscan background and historical context.{{sfn|Todeschini|2009|p=186}} De Soto was involved in an active debate in the medieval era on the sterility of money and the requirements of natural law given this sterility.{{sfn|Garcia|1985|p=75-77}}{{sfn|Doe|2017|p=13}} His rationale on interest is explained by Langholm.{{sfn|Langholm|1998|p=73-74}} Woods and D'Emic characterize de Soto's attitude toward usury in significantly different ways. D'Emic reports that De Soto thought voluntary contributions given from borrower to lender in gratitude were acceptable, but strictly forbid the lender from pressuring the borrower.{{sfn|D'Emic|2014|p=16}} He also asserts that De Soto thought permitted lenders to hope for such contributions along with other motives of benevolence and friendship, but regarded the sole motivation of financial gain as immoral "mental usury".{{sfn|D'Emic|2014|p=16}} Woods, on the other hand, reports that De Soto did not believe Christ had declared usury to be sinful at all, and did not believe that {{cite bible|Luke|6:35}} had anything to do with lending at interest.{{sfn|Woods|2015|p=111}} LawIn 1556, Soto published a treatise on law, De Justitia and Jure (Justice and the Law), that is considered a foundational text in the general theory of international law. Like his teacher Francisco de Vitoria, Soto condemned the Spanish conquests in the New World.[2] MechanicsIn the 20th century, Pierre Duhem credited him with important achievements in dynamics and viewed his work as a forerunner of modern mechanics.[3][4] Works
Notes1. ^{{CathEncy|wstitle=Dominic Soto}} 2. ^Hamilton, Bernice. (1963) Political Thought in Sixteenth-Century Spain. Oxford Clarendon Press, p. 179. 3. ^{{cite book|title=Etudes sur Léonard de Vinci|language=French|volume=3|publisher=Hermann|year=1913|first=Pierre|last=Duhem|authorlink=Pierre Duhem|oclc=612509355}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=Wallace, William A.|year=2004|title=Domingo de Soto and the Early Galileo|location=Aldershot|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=0-86078-964-0}} References
External links{{commonscat|Domingo de Soto}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Soto, Domingo de}} 17 : 1494 births|1560 deaths|People from Segovia|Roman Catholic philosophers|Spanish Roman Catholic theologians|Spanish Dominicans|16th-century Spanish people|16th-century Roman Catholic priests|Spanish Roman Catholic priests|Participants in the Council of Trent|16th-century Spanish writers|16th-century male writers|Latin commentators on Aristotle|Mercantilists|University of Salamanca faculty|16th-century Latin-language writers|16th-century jurists |
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