“Dominus vobiscum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Dominus vobiscum (Latin: "The Lord be with you") is an ancient salutation and blessing traditionally used by the clergy in the Roman Catholic Mass and other liturgies, as well as liturgies of other Western Christian denominations.

Usage

The response is Et cum spiritu tuo, meaning "And with your spirit." Some English translations, such as The Missal and the Anglican Book of Common Prayer, translate the response in the older form, "And with thy spirit." Eastern Orthodox churches also follow this usage, although the episcopal and presbyteral blessing are one and the same; in Greek, Εἰρήνη πᾶσι, eirene pasi, "peace to all." In the Roman Rite, this usage is only for the bishop, who says Pax vobiscum. The ICEL translation presently in use for Roman Catholic Masses in English has "And with your spirit."

Prior to Advent 2011, the Roman Catholic response in English-speaking countries was "And also with you." In 2001 the Holy See issued the instruction Liturgiam Authenticam concerning the use of vernacular languages in the Mass. The instruction requires that certain phrases, such as the response Et cum spiritu tuo, which "belong to the heritage of the whole or of a great part of the ancient Church, as well as others that have become part of the general human patrimony, are to be respected by a translation that is as literal as possible".^[1] Accordingly, the current translation of the Mass in English uses the response "And with your spirit" to reflect an accurate translation of the Latin.^[2]

Dominus vobiscum is not usually said by anyone who is not at least a deacon. If introducing a prayer, it is otherwise replaced with Domine, exaudi orationem meam with the response Et clamor meus ad te veniat ("O Lord, hear my prayer", "And let my cry come to thee", the opening verse of Psalm 101) or, if that invocation is said in any case, it is omitted.{{Citation needed|reason=The daily offices also include the 'Dominus vobiscum' response, and there is no evidence that non-ordained monks were prohibited from using this.|date=September 2017}}

This exchange is also said many times in the Lutheran Divine Service. Lutherans have experienced confusion in the translation of the response along with Roman Catholics. The previous translation was "And with thy spirit", however Lutherans changed the translation to "And also with you" in 1978 with the introduction of the Lutheran Book of Worship. The response in the Lutheran Service Book was changed to "And with your spirit" in 2006, changing from "thy" to "your".^[3] Evangelical Lutheran Worship retains the response, "And also with you."

In some Jewish rites, a person called up to the Torah says Adonai immachem; the sense is identical.^[4]

Origins

The salutation is taken from the verses {{bibleverse|Ruth|2:4|NIV}} and {{bibleverse|2 Chronicles|15:2|NIV}} in the Vulgate, the Latin translation of the Bible. In Ruth, the phrase appears in the sentence, "Et ecce ipse veniebat de Bethlehem dixitque messoribus: 'Dominus vobiscum'. Qui responderunt ei: 'Benedicat tibi Dominus'." ("Boaz himself came from Bethlehem and said to the harvesters, 'The Lord be with you!' and they replied, 'The Lord bless you!'").^[5]

The phrase additionally appears in {{bibleverse|Numbers|14:42|NIV}}: "Nolite ascendere: non enim est Dominus vobiscum: ne corruatis coram inimicis vestris."^[7] (Hebrew Ayn adonai b'qirb'chem) The expression in Hebrew means to be successful.{{citation needed|date=July 2010}} It also occurs in {{bibleverse|1 Samuel|17:37|NIV}} where Saul tells David "Go and may the Lord be with you" (Lech va'adonai y'hiyeh im'cha).

References

1. ^Liturgiam Authenticam (English tr.) ¶ 56.
2. ^United States Conference of Catholic Bishops, Sample Text: Changes in the People's Parts.
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.trinityaustin.com/2009/09/28/new-roman-missal-finally-out-and-lsb-is-really/|title=New Roman Missal Finally Out and LSB is Really - St. Antony’s Cave|website=blog.trinityaustin.com}}
4. ^Book of Prayer of the Spanish and Portuguese Jews' Congregation, London vol. 1, page 47.
5. ^The Latin here is taken from the Nova Vulgata (source {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004171612/http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ruth_lt.html#2 |date=October 4, 2010 }}), and the English from the New American Bible (source {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710172422/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__P6R.HTM |date=July 10, 2010 }}).
6. ^Source: Latin {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100813090746/http://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_ii-paralipomenon_lt.html#15 |date=August 13, 2010 }}, English. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710174321/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__PAZ.HTM |date=July 10, 2010 }}
7. ^The New American Bible translates the verse, "Do not go up, because the Lord is not in your midst; if you go, you will be beaten down before your enemies." (Source {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100710171043/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0839/__P3S.HTM |date=July 10, 2010 }}.)