| 词条 | Drinking water quality legislation of the United States |
| 释义 |
In the United States, public drinking water is governed by the laws and regulations enacted by the federal and state governments. Certain ordinances may also be created at a more local level. The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) is the principal federal law. The SDWA authorizes the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to create and enforce regulations to achieve the SDWA goals. Federal requirementsThe Safe Drinking Water Act is the principal federal law governing public water systems.[1] These systems provide drinking water through pipes or other constructed conveyances to at least 15 service connections, or serve an average of at least 25 people for at least 60 days a year. The large municipal water systems—8 percent of the approximately 52,000 community water systems—provide water to 82 percent of the US population. There are also about 103,000 non-community water systems, which provide water on less than a year-round basis.[2][3] The SDWA authorized the EPA to promulgate regulations regarding water supply. The major regulations are in Title 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations: 40 CFR Parts 141, 142, and 143. Parts 141, 142, and 143 regulate primary contaminants, implementation by states, and secondary contaminants. Primary contaminants are those with health impacts. State implementation allows states to be the primary regulators of the water supplies (rather than EPA) provided they meet certain requirements. Secondary contaminants generally cause aesthetic problems and are not directly harmful. The SDWA also contains provisions that require water supplies to develop emergency plans, water supply operators to be licensed, and watersheds to be protected. The Act does not cover private wells.[4] See Portland Water Bureau for an example of how the regulations were applied to a public water system. National Primary Drinking Water RegulationsTypes of water systemsThe long and complicated Part 141 regulates public water systems based on size (population served) and type of water consumers. Larger water systems and water systems serving year-round residents (cities) have more requirements than smaller water systems or those serving different people each day (e.g., a shopping mall). In 2009, public water systems on commercial airlines were included.[5] Control of contaminantsThe regulations divide up contaminants into classes. Some classes are inorganic, organic, lead and copper (regulated separately from inorganic), bacteriological, and radiological. Classes may be subdivided as necessary. Regulations may require certain maximum contaminant levels or may require specific treatment techniques. Regulation of specific groups of contaminants is often termed a "rule". These are also generally organized in the code as "Subparts".
{{main article|Lead and copper rule}}
Monitoring and reportingTesting is required to determine compliance with maximum contaminant levels. The code specifies when and how samples are to be taken and analyzed. For example:
The code specifies who must be notified and the manner of the notification. One such provision is Subpart O, Consumer Confidence Reports. These reports are a summary of the water supplies sources and water quality testing results. The reports must be sent to all customers annually.[9][10] Subpart Q regulates how violations must be reported.[11] National Primary Drinking Water Regulations implementationThe implementation regulations in Part 142 were issued pursuant to the Public Health Service Act and the SDWA They govern how states and Indian tribes can enforce the federal rules. Generally, a state must incorporate the requirements of the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations into the state's own regulations. States may be more stringent, but not less stringent, than the federal rules. Federal funding is available to states that implement or enforce some or all of the federal requirements. The entity responsible for enforcement is said to have "Primacy". National Secondary Drinking Water RegulationsThe relatively short Secondary Regulations at Part 143 provide guidance but do not actually regulate public water systems. "The regulations are not Federally enforceable but are intended as guidelines for the States."[12] Although not federally enforceable, some states regulate the secondary contaminants. The guidelines include recommendations for maximum concentrations for 15 contaminants, when to sample, and how to analyze the samples. Some contaminants in the Secondary Regulations are also regulated in the Primary Regulations. This generally occurs when a contaminant is a nuisance at a low level, but toxic at a higher concentration. ComplianceMunicipalities throughout the United States, from the largest cities to the smallest towns, sometimes fail to meet EPA standards. The EPA may fine the jurisdiction responsible for the violation, but this does not always motivate the municipality to take corrective action. In such cases, non-compliance with EPA may continue for many months or years after the initial violation. This could result from the fact that the city simply doesn't have the financial resources necessary to replace aging water pipes or upgrade their purification equipment. In rare cases, the source water used by the municipality could be so polluted that water purification processes can't do an adequate job. This can occur when a town is downstream from a large sewage treatment plant or large-scale agricultural operations. Citizens who live in such places—especially young children, the elderly, or people of any age with autoimmune deficiencies—may suffer serious health complications as a long-term result of drinking water from their own taps.{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} State requirements{{Generalize|section|date=December 2012}}Some state and local governments have issued rules to protect users of private wells.[4] CaliforniaTimeline of existing federal water and state drinking water quality regulations:
New JerseyNew Jersey enacted its own Safe Drinking Water Act in 1977.[13] The state statute is closely modeled on the federal act. The Department of Environmental Protection[14] administers the NJSDWA and its related regulations in the state administrative code. New YorkRegulationsPublic Health Law Section 225 gives the public health council authority to create and modify the State Sanitary Code. Part 5 of the New York State Sanitary Code (10NYCRR5) regulates water supply. Public water supply regulation in New York predates the Federal Safe Drinking Water Act by decades. As in California, New York has over the years, in accordance with 40CFR142, modified its sanitary code to implement the rules in the federal code. Occasionally, the Public Health Law is also amended to regulate water supply, e.g. Article 11 of the NY Public Health Law. The Environmental Conservation Code[15] regulates the sources and districting of water supply. Other laws that govern the operation of water supply, such as the Transportation Corporation Law, Town Law, and the Public Service Law, affect water quality indirectly. OrganizationThe New York State Department of Health[16] has primacy for most of the water supply regulation compliance determination and enforcement in New York. The department sets general policy and oversees the local units, which may be district offices, regional offices, or county health departments, who oversee the public water systems. OhioIn 2014, algae produced toxins that appear as a product of farmland fertilizers' runoff, became a pressing issue in several Ohio cities. As a result, the state legislators drafted a bill in September, which if passed, will require Ohio Environmental Protection Agency to routinely test for the health-hazardous algae.[17] See also
External links
References1. ^United States. Safe Drinking Water Act. {{USPL|93|523}}; {{USStat|88|1660}}; {{USC|42|300f}} et seq. Approved 1974-12-16. 2. ^U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA (2013-04-04). [https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/public/index.html "Public Water Systems."] 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwstandardsregulations/background-drinking-water-standards-safe-drinking-water-act-sdwa |title=Background on Drinking Water Standards in the Safe Drinking Water Act |date=2015-12-23 |publisher=U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) |location=Washington, DC}} 4. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.epa.gov/privatewells/about-private-water-wells |title=About Private Water Wells |author= |date=2015-11-17 |website= |publisher=EPA}} 5. ^EPA. "National Primary Drinking Water Regulations: Drinking Water Regulations for Aircraft Public Water Systems." Final rule. Federal Register, 74 FR 53590, 2009-10-19. Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR Part 141, Subpart X. 6. ^{{cite web |url=https://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPURL.cgi?Dockey=20001S68.TXT |title=Information Collection Rule: Summary for the Public |series=Fact sheet |author= |date=May 1996 |publisher=EPA |id=EPA 811-F-96-001}} 7. ^EPA. "Monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants." {{USCFR|40|141|40}}. 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/dwucmr/third-unregulated-contaminant-monitoring-rule |title=Third Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule |author= |date=2016-01-28 |publisher=EPA}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.epa.gov/ccr |title=Consumer Confidence Reports |author= |date=2016-10-26 |publisher=EPA}} 10. ^EPA. "Subpart O—Consumer Confidence Reports." {{USCFR|40|141|151}} et seq. 11. ^EPA. "Subpart Q—Public Notification of Drinking Water Violations." {{USCFR|40|141|201}} et seq. 12. ^EPA. "National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations: Purpose." {{USCFR|40|143|1}} 13. ^State of New Jersey. New Jersey Safe Drinking Water Act. L.1977, c. 224, s. 1, effective September 17, 1977. NJSA 58:12A-1. 14. ^New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection: Division of Water Supply and Geoscience 15. ^6NYCRR601 Water Supply Permits 16. ^New York State Department of Health 17. ^{{cite web|title=State reps to introduce water-testing bill|url=http://www.toledoblade.com/local/2014/09/20/State-reps-to-introduce-water-testing-bill.html|publisher=Blade Columbus Bureau|accessdate=19 September 2014}} 4 : Water supply and sanitation in the United States|Environmental law in the United States|Water law in the United States|Drinking water regulation |
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