| 词条 | Droving | |||||
| 释义 |
Droving is the practice of moving livestock over long distances by walking them "on the hoof". Droving stock to market, usually on foot and often with the aid of dogs, has a very long history in the Old World. There has been droving since cities found it necessary to source food from distant supplies. Romans are said to have had drovers and their flocks following their armies to feed their soldiers. Transport to marketAn individual owner of livestock cannot both take care of animals on his farm and take other stock on a long journey to market. So the owner might entrust this stock to an agent, usually a drover, who will deliver the stock to market and bring back the proceeds. Drovers took their herds and flocks down traditional routes with organised sites for overnight shelter and fodder for men and for animals. The journey might last from a few days to months. The animals had to be driven so they would be in good condition on arrival. There would have to be prior agreement for payment for stock lost; for animals born on the journey, for sales of produce created during the journey. Until provincial banking developed, a drover returning to base would be carrying substantial sums of money. Being in a position of great trust, the drover might carry to the market town money to be banked and important letters and take with them people not familiar with the road. Drovers might take the stock no more than a part of their journey because stock might be sold at intervening markets to other drovers. The new drovers would finish the delivery. Cattle drives were an important feature of the settlement of both the western United States and of Australia. In 1866, cattle drives in the United States moved 20 million head of cattle from Texas to railheads in Kansas. In Australasia long distance drives of sheep also took place. In these countries these drives covered great distances (800 miles Texas to Kansas),[1] with drovers on horseback, supported by wagons or packhorses. Drives continued until railways arrived. In some circumstances driving very large herds long distances remains economic. Drovers' roads, drovers' routes or stock routes{{Main|Drovers' road||Stock route}}Drovers' roads were much wider than those for ordinary traffic and without any form of paving. The droving routes which still exist in Wales avoided settlements in order to save front gardens and consequential expense. BritainA weekly cattle market was founded midway between North Wales and London in Newent, Gloucestershire in 1253.[2] In an Ordinance for the cleansing of Smythfelde dated 1372 it was agreed by the "dealers and drovers" to pay a charge per head of horse, ox, cow, sheep or swine.[3] Henry V brought about a lasting boom in droving in the early fifteenth century when he ordered as many cattle as possible be sent to the Cinque Ports to provision his armies in France.[2]An act passed by Edward VI to safeguard his subject's herds and money required drovers, from the mid-sixteenth century, to be approved and licensed by the district court or Quarter Sessions there proving they were of good character, married, householders and over 30 years of age. Considerable expertise meant that flocks averaging 1,500 to 2,000 head of sheep travelled 20 to 25 days from Wales to London yet lost less than four per cent of their body weight. Obliged to trek much further than from Wales Scottish drovers would buy the cattle outright and drive them to London.[2] It has been estimated that by the end of the 18th century around 100,000 cattle and 750,000 sheep arrived each year at London's Smithfield market from the surrounding countryside. Railways brought an end to most droving around the middle of the 19th century.[2] Turkeys and geese for slaughter were also driven to London's market in droves of 300 to 1,000 birds.[2] Droving featsIn the 18th century English graziers of Craven Highlands, West Riding of Yorkshire, went as far as Scotland to purchase cattle stock, thence to be brought down the drove roads to their cattle-rearing district. In the summer of 1745 the celebrated Mr Birtwhistle had 20,000 head brought "on the hoof" from the northern Scotland to Great Close near Malham,[4]{{rp|53}} a distance of over {{convert|300|mi|km|0}}. AustraliaWilliam James Browne owned Nilpena Station in the Flinders Ranges of South Australia in 1879. He contracted the drover Giles to take 12,000 sheep from there and overland them all the way to his new properties Newcastle Waters and Delamere Stations in the Northern Territory. Only 8,000 sheep survived the journey.[5]The Tibbett brothers drove a flock of 30,000 ewes in the early 1890s from Wellshot Station to Roma in Queensland, Australia, a distance of over {{convert|700|km|mi|0}}, in search of grass for the stock. The sheep were all sheared in Roma and lambing started as relieving rains came to Wellshot. The flock was brought back with an additional 3,000 lambs.[6] In 1900 a drover named Coleman departed from Clermont with 5,000 sheep, the country was drought stricken and he had been instructed to keep the mob alive. Coleman wandered an incredible {{convert|5000|mi|km|0}} through south-western Queensland finding feed as they went. When he eventually returned he brought back 9,000 sheep, had sold over 5,000, and killed nearly 1,000 for "personal use".[7] Twenty thousand head of cattle were removed from Wave Hill Station and overlanded to Killarney Station, near Narrabri in New South Wales, in 1904. At the time it was considered a "remarkable" feat of droving and took 18 months to complete.[7] Another famous drove is by William Philips in 1906 who overlanded 1,260 bullocks from Wave Hill Station some {{convert|2100|mi|km|sigfig=2|order=flip}} to Burrendilla, near Charleville in just 32 weeks.[8] See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Gray|first1=Robert N|title=The Sixties: Expansion, Exploration and Polarization |date=2003 |publisher=Dougherty Press |asin=B0029YEAGA}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 Verite Ryily Collins, page 33, Drovers' Dogs, 999 and other working dogs, WSN, 2005. {{ISBN|1858290643}} 3. ^British History Online, Memorials of London and London Life in the 13th, 14th and 15th Centuries accessed 23 September 2015 4. ^{{cite book | last=Hartley| first=Marie| authorlink=Marie Hartley (author)| first2= Joan |last2=Ingilby |title=Life and Tradition in the Yorkshire Dales| publisher=J. M. Dent & Sons Ltd| place=London| year=1968 | isbn=0-498-07668-7}} 5. ^{{cite book|title=Pastoral Australia: Fortunes, Failures and Hard Yakka: A Historical Overview 1788–1967 |author1=Michael Pearson|author2=Jane Lennon|ISBN=9780643096998|page=104|publisher=CSIRO publishing}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article79310607|title=Epic droving trips|newspaper=The Charleville Times |location=Brisbane, Queensland|date=8 February 1951 |accessdate=27 February 2013 |page=10 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} 7. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article76898984 |title=Remarkable droving feat |newspaper=The Dubbo Liberal and Macquarie Advocate |location=New South Wales |date=11 July 1922 |accessdate=15 January 2013 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} 8. ^{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article14825768 |title=A record droving trip |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=29 November 1906 |accessdate=14 January 2013 |page=5 |publisher=National Library of Australia}} External links
1 : Transhumance |
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