| 词条 | Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918) |
| 释义 |
|conventional_long_name = Duchy of Courland and Semigallia |native_name = ''Herzogtum Kurland und Semgallen''{{nbsp|2}}(German) ''Kurzemes un Zemgales hercogiste''{{nbsp|2}}(Latvian) |common_name = Courland |status = Client state |empire = German Empire |status_text = Client state of the German Empire |p1 = Courland Governorate |flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg |p2 = Ober Ost |flag_p2 = Flag of the German Empire.svg |s1 = Republic of Latvia (1918) |flag_s1 = Flag of Latvia.svg |image_flag = Flag of Courland (state).svg |image_coat = Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii COA.svg |image_map = Europa 12 kwietnia 1918.png |image_map_caption = Shown in red on the Baltic coast on this map of East European states resulting from the collapse of the Russian Empire, April 1918 |capital = Riga |common_languages = German{{·}}Latviana |religion = Lutheranism Roman Catholicism Russian Orthodoxy |government_type = Monarchy |era = World War I |event_pre = Treaty of Brest-Litovsk |date_pre = 3 March 1918 |event_start = Recognised by Kaiser Wilhelm |date_start = 8 March |year_start = 1918 |event_end = Baltic Union establishedb |date_end = 22 September |year_end = 1918 |event_post = Latvia established |date_post = 18 November 1918 |currency = Ostmark Ostruble Papiermark Ruble |footnote_a = Also Livonian and Latgalian. |footnote_b = The Duchy of Courland was absorbed on September 22, 1918 by the United Baltic Duchy.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Neither state, however, had any recognition other than by the German Empire. }} The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was briefly a client state of the German Empire. It was proclaimed on 8 March 1918, in the German-occupied Courland Governorate by a Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans, who offered the crown of the once-autonomous Duchy to Kaiser Wilhelm II, despite the existence of a formerly sovereign reigning family in that duchy, the Biron descendents of Ernst Johann von Biron{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}. Although the German Reichstag supported national self-determination for the Baltic peoples, the German High Command continued the policy of attaching the Baltic to the Reich by relying on Baltic Germans.[1] In October 1918, the Chancellor of Germany Prince Maximilian of Baden proposed to have the military administration in the Baltic replaced by civilian authority. After the German Revolution on 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed independence and on 7 December, the German military handed over authority to the Latvian national government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis.[2] Historical backgroundDuring World War I, the German Army had occupied the Courland Governorate of the Russian Empire by the autumn of 1915. A front was established along a line stretched between Riga, Daugavpils and Baranovitch. The Latvian Provisional National Council was proclaimed on 16 November 1917. On 30 November, the Latvian Provisional National Council proclaimed an autonomous Latvian province within ethnographic boundaries, and a formal, independent Latvian republic was declared on 15 January 1918.[2] After the Russian Revolution, German troops started advancing from Courland, and by the end of February 1918 the territories of the former Russian Governorate of Livonia and Autonomous Governorate of Estonia that had declared independence were also occupied and fell under the German military administration. With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918 Bolshevist Russia accepted the loss of the Courland Governorate and by agreements concluded in Berlin on 27 August 1918 the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia were severed from Russia.[2] As a parallel political movement under the German military administration, Baltic Germans began a process of forming provincial councils between September 1917 and March 1918. The Duchy of Courland and Semigallia was proclaimed on 8 March 1918 by one such Landesrat composed of Baltic Germans, who offered the crown of the Duchy to Kaiser Wilhelm II. In October 1918, the Chancellor of Germany Prince Maximilian of Baden proposed to have the military administration in the Baltic replaced by civilian authority. The new policy was stated in a telegram from the German Foreign Office to the military administration of the Baltic: The government of the Reich is unanimous in respect of the fundamental change in our policy towards the Baltic countries, namely that in the first instance policy is to be made with the Baltic peoples.[2] On 18 November 1918, Latvia proclaimed its independence. On 7 December 1918, the German Military handed over authority to the Latvian national government headed by Kārlis Ulmanis [2] RecognitionKaiser Wilhelm recognised the creation of Courland, as a German vassal by writing to Courland's Landesrat on March 8, 1918 (in German):{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} Wir Wilhelm, von Gottes Gnaden Deutscher Kaiser, König von Preußen etc. beauftragen hiermit Unseren Reichskanzler, den Grafen von Hertling, dem Kurländischen Landesrat zu erklären, daß Wir auf den Uns durch seine Vertreter übermittelten Wunsch und auf den Bericht Unseres Reichskanzlers im Namen des Deutschen Reiches das Herzogtum Kurland als freies und selbständiges Staatswesen anerkennen und bereit sind, im Namen des Deutschen Reiches diejenigen Staatsverträge mit Kurland abzuschließen, die eine enge wirtschaftliche und militärische Verbindung beider Länder gewährleisten. Gleichzeitig beauftragen Wir Unseren Reichskanzler, den Abschluß dieser Verträge vorzubereiten. Urkundlich haben Wir diesen Auftrag Allerhöchst Selbst vollzogen und mit Unserem Kaiserlichen Insiegel versehen lassen. Gegeben ................ , den 15. März 1918 Wilhelm Graf von Hertling. We, Wilhelm, by the grace of God German Emperor, King of Prussia, etc., herewith command Our Chancellor, Count von Hertling, to inform the Government of Courland, that, upon the wish communicated to Us by its ambassador, and upon the report of Our Chancellor, in the name of the German Empire, We recognize the Duchy of Courland as a free and independent state; in the name of the German Empire, to negotiate such treaties with Courland as will guarantee a close economic and military relationship between both lands. At the same time, we command Our Chancellor to prepare for the negotiation of these treaties. Our Majesty has commanded that this order be documented, and affixed with Our Imperial Seal. Given at [unknown], the 15th of March 1918 [signed] Wilhelm Count von Hertling. DisestablishmentThe Duchy of Courland was absorbed on September 22, 1918, by the United Baltic Duchy. Neither state, however, had any recognition other than by the German Empire. The United Baltic Duchy was nominally recognized as a sovereign state{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}} by the Kaiser only on September 22, 1918, half a year after Soviet Russia had formally relinquished all authority over its former Imperial Baltic provinces to the German Empire in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. After World War I, Courland became a part of the newly formed nation of Latvia, November 18, 1918. See also{{columns|col1width=26em |col1=
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}} References1. ^Kevin O'Connor, [https://books.google.com/books?id=b3b5nU4bnw4C&dq The History of the Baltic States], page 78, {{ISBN|0-313-32355-0}}. 2. ^1 2 3 4 John Hiden, [https://books.google.com/books?id=TYJbYgNcalgC&dq The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik] External links
6 : Duchy of Courland and Semigallia|Post–Russian Empire states|1918 in Latvia|States and territories established in 1918|States and territories disestablished in 1918|Former vassal states |
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