| 词条 | Dutch India | ||
| 释义 |
Dutch India consisted of the settlements and trading posts of the Dutch East India Company on the Indian subcontinent. It is only used as a geographical definition, as there has never been a political authority ruling all Dutch India. Instead, Dutch India was divided into the governorates Dutch Ceylon and Dutch Coromandel, the commandment Dutch Malabar, and the directorates Dutch Bengal and Dutch Suratte. The Dutch Indies, on the other hand, were the Dutch East Indies (present-day Indonesia) and the Dutch West Indies (present-day Suriname and the former Netherlands Antilles). History{{Colonial India}}Dutch presence on the Indian subcontinent lasted from 1605 to 1825. Merchants of the Dutch East India Company first established themselves in Dutch Coromandel, notably Pulicat, as they were looking for textiles to exchange with the spices they traded in the East Indies.[1] Dutch Suratte and Dutch Bengal were established in 1616 and 1627 respectively.[2][3] After the Dutch conquered Ceylon from the Portuguese in 1656, they took the Portuguese forts on the Malabar coast five years later as well, to secure Ceylon from Portuguese invasion.[4][5] Apart from textiles, the items traded in Dutch India include precious stones, indigo, and silk across the Indian Peninsula, saltpetre and opium in Dutch Bengal, and pepper in Dutch Malabar. Indian slaves were imported on the Spice Islands and in the Cape Colony. In the second half of the eighteenth century the Dutch lost their influence more and more. The Kew Letters relinquished all Dutch colonies to the British, to prevent them from being overrun by the French. In the famous Battle of Colachel (1741), Travancore king Marthanda Varma's army defeated the Dutch East India Company, resulting in the complete eclipse of Dutch power in Malabar. Although Dutch Coromandel and Dutch Bengal were restored to Dutch rule by virtue of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, they returned to British rule owing to the provisions of the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1824. Under the terms of the treaty, all transfers of property and establishments were to take place on 1 March 1825. By the middle of 1825, therefore, the Dutch had lost their last trading posts in India. CoinageDuring the days when the Dutch were commercially active in India, they operated several mints, at Cochin, Masulipattam, Nagapatam (or Negapatam), Pondicherry (for the five years 1693-98 when the Dutch had gained control from the French), and Pulicat. The coins were all modelled on the local coinages. Map{{Location map+|India|width=750|float=center|alt=Dutch India |caption= |places= {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10.764|lon_deg=79.845|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Poppacamal'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=13.4167|lon_deg=80.3167|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Pulicat'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.17|lon_deg=81.13|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Masulipatnam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15.9|lon_deg=80.667|position=bottom|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Nizapatnam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11.75|lon_deg=79.75|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Tenganapatnam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17.38|lon_deg=78.4|position=left|background=white|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Golkonda}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17.53|lon_deg=83.26|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Bheemunipatnam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.93|lon_deg=82.33|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Kakinada}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.7928|lon_deg=82.0635|position=left|background=white|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Draksharama}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.5333|lon_deg=81.7333|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Palakol}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=17.0665|lon_deg=80.2153|position=top|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Nagulavancha}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=12.525|lon_deg=80.162222|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Sadras}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11.747478|lon_deg=79.752822|position=left|background=white|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Thiruppapuliyur}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11.490557|lon_deg=79.759393|position=right|mark=Blue_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Parangippettai}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=9.977|lon_deg=76.27|position=left|marksize=12|label='''Cochin'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.88|lon_deg=76.6|position=left|label_size=90|label=Quilon}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=11.8542|lon_deg=75.371811|position=left|label_size=90|label=Cannanore}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=9.17|lon_deg=76.49|position=left|label_size=90|label=Kayamkulam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10.197|lon_deg=76.212|position=right|background=white|label_size=90|label=Cranganore}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=10.170087|lon_deg=76.18098|position=left|label_size=90|label=Pallipuram}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=9.35|lon_deg=76.35|position=left|label_size=90|label=Purakkad}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=15.53|lon_deg=73.84|position=left|label_size=90|label=Vengurla}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=13.8|lon_deg=74.7|position=left|label_size=90|label=Barselor}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22.9|lon_deg=88.39|position=right|background=white|mark=Green_pog.svg||marksize=12|label='''Hugli-Chuchura'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=25.611|lon_deg=85.144|position=right|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Patna}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24.12|lon_deg=88.28|background=white|position=right|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Cossimbazar}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23.7|lon_deg=90.375|position=right|background=white|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Dhaka}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=24.18|lon_deg=88.27|background=white|position=left|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Murshidabad}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.65|lon_deg=87.29|position=right|background=white|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Pipely}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.49|lon_deg=86.93|position=left|mark=Green_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Balasore}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.17|lon_deg=72.83|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Suratte'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=23.03|lon_deg=72.58|background=white|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Ahmedabad}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=27.18|lon_deg=78.02|background=white|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Agra}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=26.46|lon_deg=80.33|background=white|position=left|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Kanpur}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.17|lon_deg=76.1|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Burhanpur}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.7|lon_deg=72.97|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Bharuch}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22.3|lon_deg=72.62|position=left|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Khambhat}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=22.3|lon_deg=73.200278|position=right|background=white|mark=Gold_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Vadodara}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=20.596|lon_deg=93.19405|background=white|position=left|mark=Black_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Mrohaung'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.733333|lon_deg=96.25|background=white|position=left|mark=Black_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Syriam}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=16.533333|lon_deg=97.6|background=white|position=bottom|mark=Black_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Martaban}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=21.866667|lon_deg=96.016667|background=white|position=left|mark=Black_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Ava}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=6.93444|lon_deg=79.842778|position=left|mark=Pink_pog.svg|marksize=12|label='''Colombo'''}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.81|lon_deg=78.14|position=right|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Tuticorin}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.233386|lon_deg=79.763765|position=left|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Calpentijn}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=9.666667|lon_deg=80.0|position=left|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Caraas}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.966667|lon_deg=79.883333|position=right|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Mannar}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.566667|lon_deg=81.233333|position=right|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Trincomalee}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=7.716667|lon_deg=81.7|position=right|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Batticaloa}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=6.025833|lon_deg=80.2175|position=left|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Galle}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=5.95|lon_deg=80.55|position=bottom|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Matara}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.078|lon_deg=77.541|position=bottom|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Cape Comorin}} {{Location map~|India|lat_deg=8.17|lon_deg=77.43|position=left|mark=Pink_pog.svg|label_size=90|label=Cotatte}}}} GallerySee also
References1. ^ De VOC site - Coromandel 2. ^ De VOC site - Suratte 3. ^ De VOC site - Bengalen 4. ^ De VOC site - Ceylon 5. ^ De VOC site - Malabar External links
8 : Dutch India|European colonisation in Asia|Former colonies in Asia|Former settlements and colonies of the Dutch East India Company|Former trading posts of the Dutch East India Company|1605 establishments in Dutch India|1825 disestablishments in Dutch India|Former Dutch colonies |
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