“Catherine Eddowes”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Eddowes, also known as "Kate Conway" and "Kate Kelly" after her two successive common-law husbands, was born in Graisley Green, Wolverhampton on 14 April 1842. Her parents, tinplate worker George Eddowes and his wife, Catherine (née Evans), had 11 other children. The family moved to London a year after her birth, but she later returned to Wolverhampton to work as a tinplate stamper.

On losing this job, she took up with ex-soldier Thomas Conway in Birmingham; she moved to London with him and they had a daughter and two sons. She took to drinking and left her family in 1880; the following year she was living with new partner John Kelly at Cooney's common lodging-house at 55 Flower and Dean Street, Spitalfields, at the centre of London's most notorious criminal rookery. Here she took to casual prostitution to pay the rent.^[2] To avoid contact with his former partner, Conway drew his army pension under the assumed name of Quinn, and kept their sons' addresses secret from her.^[3]

At the time of her death she was described as being five feet tall, with dark auburn hair, hazel eyes, and a tattoo that read "TC", for Tom Conway, in blue ink on her left forearm.^[4] Friends of Eddowes described her as "intelligent and scholarly, but possessed of a fierce temper"^[4] and "a very jolly woman, always singing."^[5]

In the summer of 1888, Eddowes, Kelly, and their friend Emily Birrell took casual work hop-picking in Kent. At harvest's end they returned to London and quickly went through their pay. Eddowes and Kelly split their last sixpence between them; he took fourpence to pay for a bed in the common lodging-house, and she took twopence, just enough for her to stay a night at Mile End Casual Ward in the neighbouring parish.^[6]

They met up the following morning, 29 September, and in the early afternoon Eddowes told Kelly she would go to Bermondsey to try to get some money from her daughter, Annie Phillips,^[7] who was married to a gun-maker in Southwark.^[8] With money from pawning his boots, a bare-footed Kelly took a bed at the lodging-house just after 8:00 p.m., and according to the deputy keeper remained there all night.^[9]

Last hours and death

At 8:30 p.m. on Saturday, 29 September, Eddowes was found lying drunk in the road on Aldgate High Street by PC Louis Robinson. She was taken into custody and then to Bishopsgate police station, where she was detained, giving the name "Nothing", until she was sober enough to leave at 1 a.m. on the morning of 30 September.^[10] On her release, she gave her name and address as "Mary Ann Kelly of 6 Fashion Street".^[11]

When leaving the station, instead of turning right to take the shortest route to her home in Flower and Dean Street, she turned left towards Aldgate.^[12] She was last seen alive at 1:35 a.m. by three witnesses, Joseph Lawende, Joseph Hyam Levy and Harry Harris, who had just left a club on Duke Street. She was standing talking with a man at the entrance to Church Passage, which led south-west from Duke Street to Mitre Square along the south wall of the Great Synagogue of London. Only Lawende could furnish a description of the man, whom he described as a fair-moustached man wearing a navy jacket, peaked cloth cap, and red scarf.^[13] Chief Inspector Donald Swanson intimated in his report that Lawende's identification of the woman as Eddowes was doubtful. He wrote that Lawende had said that some clothing of the deceased's that he was shown resembled that of the woman he saw^[14]—"which was black ... that was the extent of his identity [sic]".^[15] A patrolling policeman, PC James Harvey, walked down Church Passage from Duke Street very shortly afterwards but his beat took him back down Church Passage to Duke Street, without entering the square.^[16]

At 1:45 a.m., Eddowes' mutilated body was found in the south-west corner of Mitre Square by the square's beat policeman PC Edward Watkins.^[18] Watkins said that he entered the square at 1:44 a.m, having previously been there at 1:30 a.m. He called for assistance at a tea warehouse in the square, where night watchman George James Morris, who was an ex-policeman, had noticed nothing unusual.^[19] Neither had another watchman (George Clapp) at 5 Mitre Square or an off-duty policeman (Richard Pearse) at 3 Mitre Square.^[20]

Police surgeon Dr. Frederick Gordon Brown, who arrived after 2:00 a.m., said of the scene:

Police physician Thomas Bond, disagreed with Brown's assessment of the killer's skill level. Bond's report to police stated: "In each case the mutilation was inflicted by a person who had no scientific nor anatomical knowledge. In my opinion he does not even possess the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer or any person accustomed to cut up dead animals."^[23] Local surgeon Dr George William Sequeira, who was the first doctor at the scene, and City medical officer William Sedgwick Saunders, who was also present at the autopsy, also thought that the killer lacked anatomical skill and did not seek particular organs.^[24] In addition to the abdominal wounds, the murderer had cut Eddowes' face: across the bridge of the nose, on both cheeks, and through the eyelids of both eyes. The tip of her nose and part of one ear had been cut off. The Royal London Hospital on Whitechapel Road preserves some crime scene drawings and plans of the Mitre Square murder by the City Surveyor Frederick Foster;^[25] they were first brought to public attention in 1966 by Francis Camps, Professor of Forensic Medicine at London University.^[26] Based on his analysis of the surviving documents, Camps concluded that "the cuts shown on the body could not have been done by an expert."^[27]

The Eddowes inquest was opened on 4 October by Samuel F. Langham, coroner for the City of London.^[28] A house-to-house search was conducted but nothing suspicious was discovered. Brown stated his belief that Eddowes was killed by a slash to the throat as she lay on the ground, and then mutilated.^[29]

Investigation

A mustard tin containing two pawn tickets issued to Emily Birrell and Anne Kelly was discovered on Eddowes' body. These eventually led to her identification by John Kelly as his common-law wife, after he read about the tickets in the newspapers.^[30] His identification was confirmed by Catherine Eddowes' sister, Eliza Gold.^[31] No money was found on her.^[32] Though the murder occurred within the City of London, it was close to the boundary of Whitechapel where the previous Whitechapel murders had occurred. The mutilation of Eddowes' body and the abstraction of her left kidney and part of her womb by her murderer bore the signature of Jack the Ripper and was very similar in nature to that of earlier victim Annie Chapman.^[1]

Due to the location of Mitre Square, the City of London Police under Detective Inspector James McWilliam joined the murder enquiry alongside the Metropolitan Police who had been engaged in the previous murders. At about 3 a.m. on the same day as Eddowes was murdered, a blood-stained fragment of her apron contaminated with fecal matter was found lying in the passage of the doorway leading to Flats 108 and 119, Model Dwellings, Goulston Street, Whitechapel. Above it on the wall was a graffito in chalk commonly held to have read: "The Juwes are the men that Will not be Blamed for nothing".^[33] The writing may or may not have been related to the murder, but either way it was washed away before dawn on the orders of Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren, who feared that it would spark anti-Jewish riots.^[34] Mitre Square had three connecting streets: Church Passage to the north-east, Mitre Street to the south-west, and St James's Place to the north-west. As PC Harvey saw no-one from Church Passage, and PC Watkins saw no-one from Mitre Street, the murderer must have left the square northwards through St James's Place towards Goulston Street.^[35] Goulston Street was within a quarter of an hour's walk from Mitre Square, on a direct route to Flower and Dean Street, where Eddowes lived, hinting that her murderer also resided nearby and headed back there after the killing.^[36]

Major Henry Smith, acting Commissioner of the City Police, claimed in his memoirs to have discovered bloodied water in a public sink in a court off Dorset Street, and as the water was slowly running out of the basin, he calculated that the Ripper had been there only moments before. Ripper author Martin Fido thought it unlikely that the culprit would wait to wash his hands in a semi-public place about forty minutes after the crime, and Smith's memoirs are both unreliable and embellished for dramatic effect.^[37] There is no mention of the sink in the official police reports.^[38]

Letter "from hell"

On 1 October, a postcard, dubbed the "Saucy Jacky" postcard and signed "Jack the Ripper", was received by the Central News Agency. It claimed responsibility for Stride's and Eddowes' murders, and described the killing of the two women as the "double event", a designation which has endured.^[39] It has been argued that the postcard was mailed before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would have such knowledge of the crime,^[40] but it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings took place, long after details were known by journalists and residents of the area.^[41] Police officials later claimed to have identified a journalist as the author of the postcard,^[42] and dismissed it as a hoax,^[43] an assessment shared by most Ripper historians.^[44]

On 16 October 1888 a parcel containing half a human kidney accompanied by a note was received by George Lusk, Chairman of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee. The note has become known as the "Lusk letter" or the "From hell" letter, because of a phrase "from hell" used by the writer, who claimed to have "fried and ate" the missing kidney half.^[45] The handwriting and style were unlike that of the "Saucy Jacky" postcard. The kidney was taken to Dr Thomas Horrocks Openshaw at the nearby London Hospital. He believed that the kidney was human, from the left side, and preserved in spirit.^[46] The Daily Telegraph reported on 19 October that he said it was a recent "ginny kidney" from a 45-year-old female, but in the Star newspaper the same day Openshaw denied the report strongly, saying it was impossible to tell its age or gender,^[47] or how long it had been preserved in spirits. Major Smith claimed in his memoirs that the sent kidney matched the one missing from Eddowes, because the length of renal artery attached to the kidney matched the missing length from the body, and both the body and kidney showed signs of Bright's disease. Smith's later recollection does not match the medical reports submitted by the examining pathologists or the police records.^[48] Police surgeon Dr Brown said that the kidney had been trimmed up, and that the renal artery was entirely absent.^[49] Metropolitan police memos state that the kidney could have come from any body, such as those found in a hospital morgue.^[50] Smith's story is thought by historians to be dramatic licence on his part, and the kidney could have been a medical student's prank.^[51] Dr Saunders, who attended the post-mortem, told the press, "the right kidney of the woman Eddowes was perfectly normal in its structure and healthy ... my opinion is that it was a student's antic."^[52] Chief Inspector Donald Swanson, who co-ordinated the inquiry, wrote, "similar kidneys might and could be obtained from any dead person upon whom a post mortem had been made for any cause, by students or dissecting room porter."^[53]

Funeral and aftermath

Catherine Eddowes was buried on Monday, 8 October 1888 in an elm coffin in the City of London Cemetery, in an unmarked (public) grave 49336, square 318. Kelly and Eddowes' sister attended.^[54] Today, square 318 has been re-used for part of the Memorial Gardens for cremated remains. Eddowes lies beside the Garden Way in front of Memorial Bed 1849. In late 1996, the cemetery authorities decided to mark her grave with a plaque.

In 2014, mitochondrial DNA that matched that of one of Eddowes' descendants was extracted from a shawl said to have come from the scene of her murder. The DNA match was based on one of seven small segments taken from the hypervariable regions.^[55] The segment contained a sequence variation described as 314.1C, and claimed to be uncommon, with a frequency of only 1 in 290,000 worldwide. However, Professor Sir Alec Jeffreys and others pointed out this was in fact an error in nomenclature for the common sequence variation 315.1C,^[56] which is present in more than 99% of the sequences in the EMPOP database.^[57]

Other DNA on the shawl matched DNA from a relation of Aaron Kosminski, one of the suspects. This match was also based on a segment of mitochondrial DNA,^[58] but no information was given that would enable the commonness of the sequence to be estimated.

The owner of the shawl, British author Russell Edwards, claimed the matches proved Kosminski was Jack the Ripper. Others disagree. Donald Rumbelow criticized the claim, saying that no shawl is listed among Eddowes' effects by the police,^[61]^[59] and mitochondrial DNA expert Peter Gill said the shawl "is of dubious origin and has been handled by several people who could have shared that mitochondrial DNA profile."^[60] Two of Eddowes' descendants are known to have been in the same room as the shawl for 3 days in 2007, and, in the words of one critic, "The shawl has been openly handled by loads of people and been touched, breathed on, spat upon."^[60]

Portrayals

References

1. ^¹Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 114–140
2. ^Begg (2006), pp. 166–167; White, pp. 323–349
3. ^Fido, p. 67
4. ^¹Casebook: Jack The Ripper
5. ^Inquest testimony of lodging-house deputy Frederick William Wilkinson, quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 218 and Marriott, p. 136
6. ^Fido, p. 68
7. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 114
8. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 197; Fido, p. 67
9. ^Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 114–115
10. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 115; Evans and Skinner, pp. 209–210; Fido, p. 43
11. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 116; Evans and Skinner, pp. 195, 210
12. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 195; Fido, p. 43
13. ^Fido, pp. 43–45
14. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 122
15. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 185
16. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 120; Fido, p. 44
17. ^e.g. testimony of Dr Brown, quoted in Marriott, p. 145
18. ^Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 117; Fido, p. 45
19. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 120; Evans and Skinner, p. 211; Fido, p. 45
20. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 122; Evans and Skinner, p. 212; Fido, p. 45
21. ^Medical report in Coroner's Inquests, no. 135, Corporation of London Records, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 204–205 and Fido, pp. 46–47
22. ^Medical report in Coroner's Inquests, no. 135, Corporation of London Records, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 205–207 and Fido, pp. 70–74
23. ^Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C ff. 220–223, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147
24. ^Sequeira's inquest testimony quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 128; Evans and Skinner, p. 208; Fido, p. 75; and Marriott, p. 144; Saunders's inquest testimony quoted in Evans and Skinner, p. 208 and Fido, p. 75
25. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 129
26. ^Camps, Francis E. (April 1966) "More About Jack the Ripper", London Hospital Gazette, reprinted in the February 1968 edition of The Criminologist, quoted in Wilson and Odell, p. 123
27. ^Camps in Medical News, quoted in Wilson and Odell, p. 123
28. ^Marriott, pp. 132–144; Whitehead and Rivett, p. 68
29. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 223
30. ^Evans and Skinner, pp. 194–197; Fido, p. 67
31. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 199; Marriott, p. 134; Wilson and Odell, p. 41
32. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 202; Wilson and Odell, p. 42
33. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 132; Fido, pp. 47–49
34. ^Letter from Charles Warren to the Home Office Undersecretary of State, 6 November 1888, quoted in Begg (2003), p. 197; Evans and Skinner, pp. 183–184 and Marriott, p. 159
35. ^Fido, p. 77; Marriott, p. 127
36. ^Inquest testimony of surveyor Frederick William Foster, quoted in Evans and Skinner, pp. 201–202, 220 and Fido, p. 76
37. ^Fido, pp. 50, 120
38. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 133
39. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 30; Rumbelow, p. 118
40. ^e.g. Cullen, Tom (1965), Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 103
41. ^Cook, pp. 79–80; Fido, pp. 8–9; Marriott, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, p. 123
42. ^Cook, pp. 94–95; Evans and Skinner, pp. 624–633; Marriott, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, pp. 121–122
43. ^e.g. Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, 10 October 1888, Metropolitan Police Archive MEPO 1/48, quoted in Cook, p. 78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140 and Evans and Skinner, p. 43
44. ^e.g. "the majority view of the Ripper historians, myself included, is that all the Ripper correspondence was fake." Beadle, William (2009) Jack the Ripper: Unmasked, London: John Blake, {{ISBN|978-1-84454-688-6}}, p. 168
45. ^Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 167–168
46. ^Fido, p. 78
47. ^Cook, p. 146; Fido, p. 78
48. ^Cook, pp. 147–148; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 168; Fido, pp. 78–79
49. ^Cook, p. 148; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 168; Evans and Skinner, p. 189
50. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 168; Evans and Skinner, p. 187; Fido, pp. 78–79
51. ^Evans and Rumbelow, p. 168; Fido, pp. 78–79
52. ^Manchester Evening News, 19 October 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 168; Evening News, 20 October 1888, quoted in Fido, pp. 79–80
53. ^Home Office report quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170 and Fido, p. 79
54. ^Evans and Skinner, p. 225
55. ^Edwards, kindle locations 2442–2485
56. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/jack-the-ripper-id-hinges-on-a-decimal-point-as-scientists-flag-up-dna-error-in-book-that-claims-to-identify-the-whitechapel-killer-9804325.html|title=Jack the Ripper: Scientist who claims to have identified notorious killer has 'made serious DNA error'|last=Connor|first=Steve|date=19 October 2014|work=The Independent|access-date=}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://empop.org/modules/haplotype/|title=EMPOP.org – Mitochondrial DNA Control Region Database|publisher=EMPOP|date=|accessdate=2014-10-08}}
58. ^Edwards, kindle location 3506
59. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.3news.co.nz/world/jack-the-ripper-mystery-solved-2014090812|title=Jack the Ripper: Mystery solved?|author=Satherley, Dan|work=3 News|date=8 September 2014}}
60. ^¹²{{cite news|url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/world/dna-row-over-proof-aaron-kosminski-was-jack-the-ripper/story-fnb64oi6-1227051069719?nk=83f620bd8dda245bfe9de0dee836e235|title=DNA row over 'proof' Aaron Kosminski was Jack the Ripper|author=Burgess, Kaya|date=8 September 2014|work=The Australian}}
61. ^{{cite web |title=Casebook: Jack the Ripper – From Hell: Fact or Fiction? |url=https://www.casebook.org/dissertations/dst-fromhellfact.html |website=www.casebook.org |accessdate=12 August 2018}}
62. ^{{cite web |title=Anna Magoulas Resume |url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/288c7141-8ec4-4f7e-be50-b216f112fa8c/downloads/1ci79vjv4_709664.pdf |website=annamagoulas.com |accessdate=3 December 2018}}
63. ^{{cite web |title=Lesley Sharp |url=https://www.gsmd.ac.uk/about_the_school/alumni/people_who_studied_at_guildhall/acting_alumni_include/lesley_sharp/ |website=Guildhall School of Music & Drama |accessdate=3 December 2018 |language=en}}
64. ^{{cite web |title=Jack the Ripper Part 2 (1988) |url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7f5d0024 |website=BFI |accessdate=3 December 2018 |language=en}}
65. ^{{cite web |title=A Study in Terror (1965) |url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b6b6dedab |website=British Film Institute |accessdate=3 December 2018 |language=en}}

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