| 词条 | Dykes on Bikes |
| 释义 |
| name = Dykes on Bikes | image = Dykes on Bikes logo.gif | image_size = | motto = | founded = 4 July 1976 | founding_location = Chicago, Illinois | founded_by = LB Gunn, Kalin Elliot-Arns, Christine Elliot, Sabine Balden and Mel | leader_name = Vick Germany | leader_title = Road Captain/President | key_people = | type = | region = USA, Canada, Australia, UK | marque = | purpose = Lesbian motorcycle riders | membership_est = 22 chapters | activities = | website = dykesonbikes.org | abbrev = DOB }}Dykes on Bikes (DOB) is a chartered lesbian motorcycle club with 22 chapters[1] and numerous affiliations.[2] They are known for their participation in gay pride events such as Pride parades, and significant LGBT events like the international Gay Games.[3] They most likely were originally put at the front of the parade for logistical reasons and have remained there as a symbol of LGBT pride, defiance, liberation[4] and empowerment. The contingents are fiercely independent and self-reliant in the DIY and feminist traditions and have been studied as a social phenomenon as a "complex, multilayered form of consumption-related cultural resistance that raises awareness of social injustice and discursively informs social meanings in everyday life outside the festivals."[5] Along with drag queens, the DOB have been criticized for not portraying a more acceptable image of LGBT culture. Supporters, however, counter that they are highly visible icons of gay pride who refuse to assimilate and conform to mainstream society gender roles, and indeed remind of the butches and queens who helped lead the Stonewall riots launching the modern gay-rights movement.[6] The Dykes on Bikes have been criticized for using the term dyke in their name. When registering their name as a trademark in the United States, the group faced a battle to demonstrate that the word dyke, and related terms such as terms diesel-dyke, bull-dyke, and bull-dagger, have in fact been re-appropriated as self-referential terms of endearment and empowerment distinct from lesbian and indeed awards and events utilizing those names are now used by the LGBT community.[7] In keeping with the tradition of motorcyclists' rejection of the norms of middle-class, middle-America, the Dykes on Bikes teach, by example, that women can be masculine and challenge the dominant sexual and cultural expectations of what a woman is and what she can do and achieve.[7][8] HistoryThe term "Dykes on Bikes" was coined at the first gathering of the 1976 San Francisco Pride parade.[9] The connection between lesbians and motorcycles, however, existed before this official naming. Motorcycles have regularly appeared in lesbian fiction,[2] and the term is sometimes used derogatorily against any woman rider who isn't with a man.[10] According to Harley-Davidson historians female riders did everything men did from long distance riding to enjoying lazy Sunday afternoon rides with friends.{{citation needed|date=October 2014}} World War IIAs the US entered World War II in 1941, women were provided opportunities to volunteer for their country and almost 250,000 women served in the armed forces, mostly in the Women's Army Corps (WAC), two-thirds of whom were single and under the age of twenty-five.[13] Women were recruited with posters showing muscular, short-haired women wearing tight-fitting tailored uniforms.[13] Bessie Stringfield, a pioneer African-American female motorcyclist, joined a motorcycle dispatch unit of the army.[11] Many lesbians joined the WAC to meet other women and to do "men's work."[13][12] Few were rejected for lesbianism, and found that being strong or having masculine appearance – characteristics associated with being dykes – aided in the work as mechanics and motor vehicle operators.[13] A popular Fleischmann's Yeast advertisement showed a WAC riding a motorcycle with the heading "This is no time to be frail."[13][13] Some recruits appeared at their inductions wearing men's clothing and their hair slicked back in the classic butch style of out lesbians of the time.[14] First appearance{{Further|Gay pride parade}}The first formal appearance of the Dykes on Bikes was in 1976 at San Francisco's Pride parade where the riders were placed first as motorcycles don't always run reliably at the walking pace of the rest of the parade and as first contingent they can move faster. Although the original group self-identified as Dykes on Bikes and they were known as such, over the years they used the Women’s Motorcycle Contingent/ Dykes on Bikes to encompass those who identified as gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender or any of the newer gender-bending terms like femme, androgyne and boi.[15] Founding member Soni Wolf was to be the Community Grand Marshal during the San Francisco Pride parade in 2018. Unfortunately, Wolf passed away in April 2018. Her close friends will represent her in the 2018 parade by carrying the custom-painted motorcycle tank from the bike she rode during the inaugural ride in 1976.[16] Worldwide phenomenaDykes on Bikes have been leading marches such as Gay pride parades, Gay Games events, and protests since their creation in 1976. "Dyke Marches" have become a popular Pride event nationwide, with the Dykes on Bikes often leading the marches. The Dyke March events are generally non-commercial, often in sharp contrast to corporate-sponsored pride events, and are usually inclusive of lesbian, bi, and trans women. Contingents of the DOB have led pride parades around the world from San Francisco to Melbourne, Paris, London, Tokyo, Toronto, Vancouver, Sydney,[17] Zurich,[18] Tel Aviv, and Greece.[19] Legal battle to register DOB as a trademarkNormally the United States Patent and Trademark Office (PTO), under Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act, will not consider registration of a proposed trademark which contains a term that is disparaging to a group of people. This presents a problem for the PTO when an attempt is made by a group to register a mark containing a self-disparaging term, as was done with DOB.[20] "On February 20, 2004, the PTO refused the registration of the mark 'Dykes on Bikes' under Trademark Act Section 2(a), explaining that a reasonable person of ordinary sensibilities would recognize that the term “dyke” is disparaging and objectionable to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender communities."[7] On November 13, 2006, the Dykes on Bikes won the battle to trademark the name, having struggled since 2003 to persuade the PTO that "dyke" was not offensive to the lesbian community.[21][22] In 2005, after a prolonged court battle involving testimony on the word's changing role in the lesbian community, the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board permitted the group to register its name. The defense noted that during the time period from 2000 to 2005 the PTO had approved marks for "Crippled Old Biker Bastards", "Biker Bitch", "Whore", and "Evil Pussy" as well as "TechnoDyke", "Homo Depot", "Queer Shop", Queer Eye for the Straight Guy and Queer as Folk.[7][23] The Brooke Oliver Law Office that represented the SFWMC also pointed out the absurdity of the initial rejection ruling citing the PTO's own regulations that "the perceptions of the general public are irrelevant" and indeed the test of "whether a mark is disparaging and/or offensive is the perceptions of the individuals referred to and/or identified by that mark. In this particular case, it is women – or more specifically lesbians, bisexuals and transgender women – who ride motorcycles in the Pride Parades and who would be using the term."[7][24] In 2007, after the USPTO granted approval[25], the group faced a new challenge from a male lawyer, Michael McDermott. McDermott sued the group, calling the name "disparaging to men" and "scandalous and immoral."[26] McDermott stated his opposition against any group associated with the annual Dyke March, which he dubbed "the Annual Illegal San Francisco Dyke Hate Riot" in which he and all men are subject to criminal attacks and civil right violations. He claimed the word dyke is associated with a "deep obsessive hatred of men and the male gender."[27] The court found that men had no grounds to be offended by the term. In popular cultureIn June 2014, the San Francisco Dykes on Bikes Women's Motorcycle Contingent was filmed for an episode of Sense8 during Dyke March.[28][29] Women from Dykes on Bikes feature briefly as characters in the 2018 film The Mule. See also{{Portal|LGBT}}
References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dykesonbikes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51:chapters&catid=40:chapters&Itemid=55 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160919184524/http://www.dykesonbikes.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51%3Achapters&catid=40%3Achapters&Itemid=55 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2016-09-19 |title=Official website: Chapters |accessdate= |df= }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Boslaugh |first=Sarah |title=Getting Past the Stereotypes: Women and Motorcycles in Recent Lesbian Novels |journal=International Journal of Motorcycle Studies |date=March 2006 |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/March2006/IJMS_Artcl.Boslaugh.html |accessdate=2007-08-20}} 3. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1386/macp.2.2.149/1 |last=Rowe |first=David |first2=Kevin |last2=Markwell |first3=Deborah |last3=Stevenson |title=Exploring participants' experiences of the Gay Games: intersections of sport, gender and sexuality |journal=International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics |date=July 2006 |volume=2 |page=149 |issue=2 |url=http://www.atypon-link.com/INT/doi/abs/10.1386/macp.2.2.149/1?cookieSet=1&journalCode=macp |accessdate=2007-08-19 }}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 4. ^{{cite web |last=O'Brien |first=Jodi |title=Changing The Subject |publisher=Echo NYC |url=http://www.echonyc.com/~women/Issue17/art-obrien.html |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040604124424/http://www.echonyc.com/~women/Issue17/art-obrien.html |archivedate=June 4, 2004 |accessdate=2007-08-18}} 5. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1177/089124101030004003 |last=Kates (Monash University) |first=Steven M. |first2=Russell W. |last2=Belk (University of Utah) |title=The Meanings of Lesbian and Gay Pride Day: Resistance through Consumption and Resistance to Consumption |journal=Journal of Contemporary Ethnography |publisher=Sage Publications |year=2001 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=392–429 |url=http://jce.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/30/4/392 |accessdate=2007-08-18}} 6. ^{{cite book |last=Gluckman |first=Amy |first2=Betsy |last2=Reed |title=Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, and Lesbian and Gay Life |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m2_AggzryxYC&pg=PR9&dq=%22dykes+on+bikes%22+OR+%22dyke+on+a+bike%22 |accessdate=2007-08-19 |isbn=978-0-415-91379-9}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |last=Ilyasova |first=K. Alex |title=Dykes on Bikes and the Regulation of Vulgarity |publisher=International Journal of Motorcycle Studies |date=November 2006 |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2006/IJMS_Artcl.Ilyasova.html |accessdate=2007-08-21}} 8. ^{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Debbie |first2=Richard |last2=Johnson |title=Schooling Sexualities |publisher=Buckingham: Open University Press |year=1998 |page=19 |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/November2006/IJMS_Artcl.Ilyasova.html |accessdate=2007-08-21}} 9. ^{{cite web |title=LGBT Pride: SF Historical Timeline |work=KQED.org website |url=http://www.kqed.org/topics/history/heritage/lgbt/timeline.jsp |accessdate=2006-01-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051211050837/http://www.kqed.org/topics/history/heritage/lgbt/timeline.jsp |archivedate=December 11, 2005}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Slawinski |first=Kris |title=Motorcycles as Political |journal=International Journal of Motorcycle Studies |date=March 2006 |url=http://ijms.nova.edu/March2006/IJMS_RT.Slawinski.html |accessdate=2007-08-20}} 11. ^{{cite web |title=Explore The History: Bessie Stringfield |publisher=Harley-Davidson |date=2001 |url=http://www.harley-davidson.com/wcm/Content/Pages/Women/women_history_4.jsp?locale=en_US |accessdate=August 22, 2007}} 12. ^{{cite book |last=Berube |first=Allan |authorlink=Allan Bérubé |title=Coming Out Under Fire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-Lo5vA6lSYC&pg=PA30 |date=1 April 2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1071-3 |page=30}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Berube |first=Allan |authorlink=Allan Bérubé |title=Coming Out Under Fire |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H-Lo5vA6lSYC |date=2000 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-1071-3 |at=photo inserts, 4}} 14. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |last=Wolf |first=Sherry |title=The Roots of Gay Oppression: The Second World War |publisher=International Socialist Review |date=September–October 2004 |issue=37 |url=http://www.isreview.org/issues/37/gay_oppression.shtml |accessdate=2007-08-22}} 15. ^{{cite web |title=Dykes on Bikes |work=SF Women's Motorcycle Contingent Dykes on Bikes website |url=http://www.sfwmc.org/ |accessdate=2006-01-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060106185333/http://www.sfwmc.org/ |archivedate=January 6, 2006}} 16. ^{{cite web|last1=Marker|first1=Jason|title=Dykes on Bikes Founding Member Soni Wolf Passes Away|url=https://rideapart.com/articles/soni-wolf-dead-at-69|website=Ride Apart|accessdate=18 May 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web |title=Lesbian bike brigade demands trademark for club name |publisher=Pakistan Daily Times |date=2005-07-28 |url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg9_4 |accessdate=2007-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203085447/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=story_28-7-2005_pg9_4 |archivedate=2008-02-03 |df= }} 18. ^{{cite web |title=Warmer Mai Gay Festival |publisher=What's On When |year=2007 |url=http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=93692 |accessdate=2007-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210044609/http://www.whatsonwhen.com/sisp/index.htm?fx=event&event_id=93692 |archivedate=2008-12-10 |df= }} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Sapphite Links, Groups & Communities |publisher=Sapphites in Greece |date=2006-07-30 |url=http://sapphogr.net/eg/home.html |accessdate=2007-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029153145/http://www.sapphogr.net/eg/home.html |archivedate=2007-10-29 |df= }} 20. ^{{Cite journal |last=Anten |first=Todd |title=Self-Disparaging Trademarks and Social Change: Factoring the Reappropriation of Slurs into Section 2(a) of the Lanham Act |journal=Columbia Law Review |volume=106 |issue= |page=338 |year=2006 |url=https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=106+Colum.+L.+Rev.+388&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=76a90b824fbaa021c4c8bf030fc6220d |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216062507/https://litigation-essentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cite&docid=106+Colum.+L.+Rev.+388&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=76a90b824fbaa021c4c8bf030fc6220d |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2015-02-16 |accessdate=2007-07-12}} 21. ^{{cite magazine |last=Raab |first=Barbara |title=Dyke Drama: A not-so-excellent adventure through U.S. trademark law |magazine=American Sexuality magazine |publisher=National Sexuality Resource Center |date=2006-04-20 |url=http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=601&PageID=0 |accessdate=2007-03-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701205735/http://nsrc.sfsu.edu/MagArticle.cfm?Article=601&PageID=0 |archivedate=July 1, 2007}} 22. ^{{cite journal |author=National Center for Lesbian Rights |authorlink=National Center for Lesbian Rights |title=What's in a Name? |journal=NCLR Newsletter |volume=2006 |issue=Winter |page=1 |year=2006 |quote='On November 13th, the Women's Motorcycle Contingent formally won the legal right to trademark "DYKES ON BIKES."}} 23. ^{{cite web |last=Cincone |first=Gia |title="Exhibit A." Applicant’s Request to Remand for Additional Evidence, Part I |publisher=Townsend and Townsend & Crew LLP |date=2005-09-15 |url=http://www.artemama.com |accessdate=2007-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082130/http://www.artemama.com/ |archivedate=September 28, 2007}} 24. ^{{cite web |last=Oliver |first=Brooke |title="Response to Office Action." Response to USPTO’s Initial Refusal. Brooke Oliver Law Group, P.C. 20 |publisher=Brooke Oliver Law Group |date=August 2004 |url=http://www.artemama.com |accessdate=2007-08-21 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070703034457/http://www.artemama.com/ |archivedate=July 3, 2007}} 25. ^{{cite court |litigants=Michael J. McDermott vs. San Francisco Women's Motorcycle Contingent |vol=07-7126. |court=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit |url=http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/07-1101.pdf}} 26. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.pinknews.co.uk/2007/07/16/court-rules-dykes-on-bikes-are-not-offensive/ |title=Court rules Dykes on Bikes are not offensive, Pink News, 16 July 2007 |publisher=Pinknews.co.uk |accessdate=2013-12-04}} 27. ^{{cite news |title=Man has no legal grounds for objecting to 'Dykes on Bikes,' court says |first=Marisa |last=Lagos |work=San Francisco Chronicle |date=July 12, 2007 |url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/07/12/BAG5PQVE0J12.DTL#ixzz1ukaxs3JG}} 28. ^{{cite web|title="The Wachowskis shoot scenes for Sense8 at Dyke March in San Francisco"|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303204044/http://www.corbisimages.com/stock-photo/rights-managed/42-59901609/the-wachowskis-shoot-scenes-for-sense8-at/|website=Corbis|accessdate=22 May 2018}} 29. ^{{cite web|last1=Rhodes|first1=Steve|title=The Wachowskis shoot scenes for Sense8 at Dyke March in San Francisco|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706224510/http://www.demotix.com/news/5129692/wachowskis-shoot-scenes-sense8-dyke-march-san-francisco/|website=Demotix|accessdate=22 May 2018}} Further reading
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