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词条 Early Finnish wars
释义

  1. Early written sources

  2. List of early Finnish wars and conflicts

  3. References

  4. See also

There are scattered descriptions of early Finnish wars, conflicts involving the Finnish tribes prior to the Middle Ages. The earliest historical accounts of conflicts involving Finnish tribes, such as Tavastians, Karelians, Finns proper and Kvens, have survived in Icelandic sagas and in German, Norwegian, Danish and Russian chronicles as well as in Swedish legends and in Birch bark manuscripts. The most important sources are Novgorod First Chronicle, Primary Chronicle and Eric Chronicles.Fortifications are known from Finland already from the Stone Age onwards. In Yli-Ii by the Iijoki river is located the Kierikki Stone Age fortress, which was built on piles and fortificated with palisade.[1] Also the approximately 40 Giant's Churches from the Neolithic period (3500-2000 BCE) found from the northwest coast of Finland may have served as fortifications.[2] Bronze Age hillforts have also been found from Finland, such as Hautvuori in Laitila and Vanhalinna in Lieto. According to archeological finds belligerence and military hierarchy were emphasized in Finland in the Merovingian period.[3] Hillforts get more common from Iron Age forward.[4] According to the earliest historical documents in the Middle Ages Finnic tribes around the Baltic Sea were often in conflict with each other as well as against other entities in the area.

Oldest historical traces of conflicts in Finland are runestones GS 13 and U 582 which are dated to the early 11th century. Runestones are commemorating Vikings killed in Finland. Runestone G 319, which is dated to the early 13th century, also mentions Viking killed in Finland.

Early written sources

Several medieval sagas, chronicles and other early historical sources mention wars and conflicts related to Finnish tribes and to Finland.Finland was probably the same as Terra Feminarum which was attacked by Sweden in the 1050s CE, as described in Gesta Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae Pontificum (Deeds of Bishops of the Hamburg Church) by Adam of Bremen in 1075.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} According to the source, the attack ended in the Swedish defeat, and led to the death of the king's son who was in charge of the campaign. Information on the conflict is however convoluted.

Ynglingasaga written in early 13th century describes military expedition to Finland at the end of the 4th century by mythological Swedish king Agne. However, it is disputed whether the Old Norse concept of Finland refers to the present country of Finland; alternatively it could have meant the land of the Sámi.

Legendary Orkneyinga saga written around 1230 tells about Nor who travelled from Kvenland to Norway and took over the entire country. Based on the saga's internal chronologies, the war would have taken place on the 6th or 7th century CE. Another version of the saga, Hversu Noregr byggdist, however omits the Kvenland part completely.

Norna-Gests þáttr saga from the early 14th century tells that Kvens (probably referring to a group of Finns) were raiding in Sweden in the mid-8th century.[5] In the late 9th century, king Eric Anundsson was said to have conquered Finland, with several other eastern countries.[6] However, all other accounts of the king exclude Finland from his conquests. Norwegian Ohthere tells in the Old English Orosius from 890 that Norwegians and Kvens (Qwenas) were in conflict with each other from time to time.[7]

The best-known Swedish war against Finland presumably took place in the 1150s known as the legendary First Swedish Crusade. Whether it ever actually happened, is however not certain as the information is based on the late 13th century legends. Sweden eventually took over Finland during the so-called Second Swedish Crusade around 1249 against Tavastians and the Third Swedish Crusade against Karelians in 1293. By the beginning of the 14th century, records of independent Finnish military activities ceased to surface.

Saga of Olaf Haraldson tells how the Saint Olaf himself, the King of Norway, plundered in Finland around 1008 and almost got killed at the Battle at Herdaler.[8] Vague chronicle entries briefly mention Danish expeditions to Finland in the 1190s and 1202.[9] Nothing is known about their results except what can be read from a papal letter[10] from 1209 to the Archbishop of Lund which lets the reader understand the church in Finland be at least partly established by Danish efforts. According to Icelandic chronicles, Kvens were raiding in northern Norway in 1271.[11]

Most of the historical sources mentioning Finns are the Finnish-Novogorodian wars described mainly in Novgorod First Chronicle and in the Primary Chronicle. Some of these conflicts are also described in Sofia First Chronicle, Nikon Chronicle and in Laurentian Codex.[12] Finnic groups and the Republic of Novgorod waged a series of wars between the 11th and 14th centuries. They probably contributed to the Finns' eventual subjugation to the Catholic Church and the Kingdom of Sweden.

List of early Finnish wars and conflicts

YearConflictSummary
Conflicts before the 11th century
4th centuryMythological king Agne makes expedition to FinlandYnglingan saga tells of a campaign by the mythical Swedish king Agne to Finland. The Finnish army was led by a person whose name in the saga is translated to Froste.[12]
7th centuryFinns as mercanaries in ScandinaviaFinnish warriors served in the courts of Denmark and Uppland.[13]
9th centuryKvens raid SwedenStory of Norna-Gest tells of raids done by Kvens to Sweden.[14] Ohthere of Hålogaland tells of skirmishes between Finns and Norwegians.[15]
9th centuryMythological king Eric Anundsson makes campaigns to EastHeimskringla written in c. 1230 describes Eric Anundsson conquering for himself "Finland, Kirjalaland, Courland, Estonia, and the eastern countries".[6]
c. 818Finnish king Matul supports Bjarms against Danish king Ragnar LodbrokAccording to Saxo Grammaticus in Gesta Danorum Finnish king Matul supported Bjarms against Danish king Ragnar.[16] Suomen kronikka dates the event to c. 818.[17]
11th century
11th centuryViking raid to FinlandRunestone Gs 13 in Gävle describes the death of a Viking named Egil on a campaign to Tavastia lead by Freygeirr sometime in the early 11th century.
1008Battle at HerdalerOlaf II of Norway is defeated by Finns somewhere in Uusimaa.[18]
c.1030-1050Viking raid to FinlandRunestone U 582 describes Viking named Ótrygg killed in Finland. According to historian Unto Salo the raid was done between 1030-1050.[19]
1042Vladimir Yaroslavich makes expedition against FinnsThe prince of Novgorod Vladimir Yaroslavich makes a campaign against Finns.[20]
c.1060-1080Lithuanians make campaign against Karelians.Birchbark manuscript 590 describes Lithuanians making a campaign against Karelians.[21][22]
12th century
1123Vsevolod of Pskov makes campaign against FinnsThe prince of Novgorod Vsevolod of Pskov makes a campaign in spring during the fasting against Finns.[20]
1142Finns make campaign against NovgorodFinns make a campaign against Novgorod and Ladoga and are defeated.[23]
1143Karelians make campaign against TavastiansKarelians attack against Tavastians via sea, but escape after losing two ships.[23]
1149Finns make campaign against VotesFinns make campaign with few thousand men against Votes who are supported by Novgorod with 500 men.[23]
1149Karelians support Novgorod against SuzdaliansKarelians make a campaign with Novgorod and Pskovians against Suzdalians.[24]
c.1155First Swedish crusadeSwedish king Eric IX and English clergyman Henry make possibly the first Swedish crusade to Finland against Finns proper.[23]
1171 or 1172Gravis AdmodumPope Alexander III calls for capturing the possible fortifications of Finns proper in Gravis Admodum on 9. September, since every time they are not threatened by enemies they renounce Catholic Faith and return to Finnish Paganism.[25]
1186Vyshata Vasilevits makes campaign against FinnsVyshata Vasilevits from Novgorod makes a campaign against Finns.[23]
1187Pillage of SigtunaKarelians (or Estonians or Curonians) pillage the city on 12 July. The Bishop of Uppsala and the Yarl are killed.[26][27]
1191Novgorod and Karelians campaign against TavastiansNovgorod and Karelians make a campaign against Tavastians with ships.[12]
1191Danish crusade to FinlandDanes make a crusade to Finland.[28]
13th century
1202Danish crusade to FinlandDanes make a crusade to Finland which is led by the Archbishop of Lund Anders Sunesen and his Brother.
1221The bishop of Finland attends to embargo against NovgorodPope Honorius III recommends on 13. January that the bishop of Finland, most likely Thomas, to organize embargo against Novgorod eventough it is unpleasant measure to Gotland and Hanseatic League.[29]
1223Karelians make expedition to Norway with NovgorodKarelians make expedition against Norwegian settlements in northern Scandinavia with Novgorod.[30]
1226Karelians make another expedition to Norway with NovgorodKarelians make another expedition against Norwegian settlements in northern Scandinavia with Novgorod.[30]
1227Yaroslav II makes campaign against FinnsPrince of Novgorod Yaroslav II makes a campaign against Finns.[23]
1228Finns make campaign against NovgorodFinns make a campaign to ladoga with over 2000 men.[23]
1229Finns proper fight to eradicate Christianity from their landsPope Gregory IX condemns Gotland in his letter on 16. February for providing Finns proper with weapons, horses, ships and supplies which they use in their battle to eradicate Christian faith from their lands.[31]
1237Häme insurrectionPope Gregory IX urge Catholic men to fight against Tavastians who have returned from Catholism to Finnish paganism in his letter on 9. December.[32]
1240Battle of the NevaSwedes, Norwegians, Finns proper and Tavastians makes a campaign against Novgorod.[23]
1241Karelians ally with Novgorod against Germans in KopryeKarelians, Ingrians and men from Staraya Ladoga participate in a campaign led by Alexander Nevsky against Germans in the castle of Koporye.[12][20]
1249-1250Second Swedish crusadeSecond Swedish crusade to Finland against Tavastians.
1253Karelians make a raid against GermansKarelians raid against Germans in the area of Narva.[33]
1256Alexander Nevskiy makes a campaign to FinlandAlexander Nevskiy makes a campaign to Finland after unsuccessful campaign of Finns proper, Tavastians and Swedes to Narva.[23]
1257Karelians make expedition to SwedenKarelians make a devastating campaign to Sweden which lead King Valdemar to request Pope Alexander IV to commence a crusade against them.[33]
1271Karelians and Kvens make campaign to Norway.Karelians and Kvens attack Hålogaland in Norway.[11]
1278Dmitry Alexandrovich makes campaign to KareliaPrince of Novgorod Dmitry Alexandrovich decide to punish Karelians by conquering them.[23]
1283Finns and Swedes make campaign to Neva and Ladoga.Swedes and Finns make a campaign to Neva and Ladoga area.
1284Germans make campaign to KareliaGerman warlord Trunda makes campaign by boats and ships to Karelia via river Neva. His goal was the taxation of Karelians. Trunda and his men are defeated at the mouth of the river by Novgorodians with the men of Staraya Ladoga on the 9th of September.[34][20]
1292Novgorod makes a campaign to FinlandNovgorod makes a campaign to Finland.
1293Third Swedish crusadeThird Swedish crusade to Finland against Karelians.
14th century
1318Novgorod makes campaign to FinlandNovgorod makes campaign to Finland proper and burns the town of Turku.[35]
1323Treaty of NöteborgThe Treaty of Nöteborg is signed 12 August. It divides Karelia between kingdom of Sweden and Novgorod.
1337The Revolt of KäkisalmiKarelians revolt against Novgorod in Käkisalmi due to heavy taxation by Lithuanian Narimantas whom Novgorod had assigned to rule Karelia.

References

1. ^{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|last=Georg Haggrén, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen, Anna Wessman|first=|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=79|quote=|via=}}
2. ^{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|last=Georg Haggrén, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen, Anna Wessman|first=|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=116.|quote=|via=}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|last=Georg Haggrén, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen, Anna Wessman|first=|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=|location=|pages=275|quote=|via=}}
4. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Hill-forts of Finland|last=Taavitsainen|first=J-P|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakauskirja 94|year=1990|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=|quote=|via=}}
5. ^Norna-Gests þáttr, chapter 7. See also the English translation {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514042537/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/oldheathen/077.php|date=May 14, 2006}}.
6. ^1 Saga of Olaf Haraldson. See chapter 81. THORGNY'S SPEECH.
7. ^Ottar's description of Kvenland.
8. ^http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/haraldson1.html Saga of Olaf Haraldson. See chapter 8: The Third Battle.
9. ^Excerpts from different Danish chronicles mentioning Finland. In Latin. Hosted by the National Archive of Finland. See {{cite web |url=http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2007-05-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070608003759/http://www.narc.fi/Arkistolaitos/sahkoiset/ |archivedate=2007-06-08 |df= }} and Diplomatarium Fennicum from the menu.
10. ^Letter "Ex Tuarum" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927050512/http://193.184.161.234/DF/detail.php?id=48 |date=2007-09-27 }}. In Latin.
11. ^1 Íslenzkir annáler sive Annales Islandici ab anno Christi 809 ad annum 1430, pp. 140–141. Translation provided here is by the author of the article.
12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://mcllibrary.org/Heimskringla/ynglinga.html|title=Heimskringla: The Ynglinga Saga|last=|first=|date=|website=mcllibrary.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-03-22}}
13. ^{{Cite journal|last=Nielsen|first=K. H.|date=|title=Euran miekka skandinaavisesta näkökulmasta.|url=|journal=Viikinkejä Eurassa? Pohjoismaisia näkökulmia Suomen esihistoriaan. 2001.|volume= |isbn=9789529135615|issue=|doi=|pmid=|access-date=|via=}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.germanicmythology.com/FORNALDARSAGAS/NornaGestrSagaKershaw.html|title=Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda|website=www.germanicmythology.com|access-date=2016-08-06}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=http://web.uvic.ca/hrd/iallt2003/oldenglish/OEparagraph-5.html|title=Ohthere's First Voyage (paragraph 5)|website=web.uvic.ca|access-date=2016-08-06}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=http://mcllibrary.org/DanishHistory/book9.html|title=The Testament of Cresseid|last=|first=|date=|website=mcllibrary.org|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2017-08-07}}
17. ^{{Cite book|title=Johannes Messenius. Suomen, Liivinmaan ja Kuurinmaan vaiheita sekä tuntemattoman tekijän Suomen kronikka|last=Latinan kielestä suomentaneet Martti Linna, Jorma Lagerstedt, Erkki Palmen|first=|publisher=Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura|year=1988|isbn=951-717-495-0|location=Helsinki|pages=40}}
18. ^{{Cite book|title=Fibula, Fabula, Fact: The Viking Age in Finland|last=Edited by Joonas Ahola & Frog with Clive Tolley|first=|publisher=Studia Fennica|year=2014|isbn=|location=|pages=422|via=}}
19. ^{{Cite book|title=Hämeen käräjät osa 1|last=Peltovirta|first=Jukka|publisher=Hämeen heimoliitto|year=2000|isbn=|location=|pages=156}}
20. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf|title=The Chronicle of Novgorod|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=London Offices of the Society, 1914.|access-date=1 February 2017}}
21. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=194–195|quote=|via=}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=http://gramoty.ru/index.php?no=590&act=full&key=bb|title=Древнерусские берестяные грамоты. Грамота №590|website=gramoty.ru|language=ru|access-date=2017-02-04}}
23. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 {{Cite web|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/dwaugh/rus/texts/MF1914.pdf|title=The Chronicle of Novgorod|last=London Offices of the Society, 1914|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}
24. ^{{Cite book|title=Ancient Karelia|last=Uino|first=Pirjo|publisher=Suomen muinaismuistoyhdistyksen aikakausikirja 104|year=1997|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=192|quote=|via=}}
25. ^{{Cite book|title=Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä|last=Edited by Martti Linna|first=|publisher=Historian Aitta|year=1989|isbn=951-96006-1-2|location=|pages=24}}
26. ^{{Cite book|title=Kingship and State Formation in Sweden, 1130-1290|last=Line|first=Philip|publisher=BRILL|year=2007|isbn=9004155783|location=|pages=333|via=}}
27. ^Enn Tarvel (2007). Sigtuna hukkumine. Haridus, 2007 (7-8), p 38–41
28. ^{{Cite book|title=Muinaisuutemme jäljet|last=Georg Haggren, Petri Halinen, Mika Lavento, Sami Raninen ja Anna Wessman|first=|publisher=Gaudeamus|year=2015|isbn=|location=Helsinki|pages=380|quote=|via=}}
29. ^{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=94}}
30. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Karjalan synty. Viipurin läänin historia 1|last=Edited by Matti Saarnisto|first=|publisher=Karjalan Kirjapaino Oy|year=2003|isbn=|location=|pages=493}}
31. ^{{Cite book|title=Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä|last=Edited by Martti Linna|first=|publisher=Historian aitta|year=1989|isbn=9519600612|location=|pages=44}}
32. ^{{Cite book|title=Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä|last=Edited by Martti Linna|first=|publisher=Historian aitta|year=1989|isbn=9519600612|location=|pages=64}}
33. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title=Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä.|last=Edited by Martti Linna|first=|publisher=Historian Aitta|year=1989|isbn=|location=|pages=|via=}}
34. ^{{Cite book|title=Suomen varhaiskeskiajan lähteitä|last=Edited by Martti Linna|first=|publisher=Historian aitta|year=1989|isbn=951-96006-1-2|location=|pages=138}}
35. ^{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|last=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=93}}

See also

  • List of Finnish wars
{{Finland topics}}

1 : Wars involving Finland
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