1. Clinical signs and diagnosis

2. Treatment and control

3. History

4. References

The disease occurs in Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe, Zambia.^[3] In 2003, East Coast fever was introduced to Comoros by cattle imported from Tanzania.^[4] It has been eradicated in South Africa.^[3]

A more acute form of East Coast fever called corridor disease occurs when buffalo-derived T. parva is transmitted to cattle.^[3] Another form, called January disease, only occurs over the winter months in Zimbabwe due to the tick lifecycle.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Native cattle are often resistant to the parasite, but not without symptoms. They are hosts to the parasite, but do not suffer as severely as foreign cattle.^[5][6]

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Mortality can be up to 100%, with death occurring around 18–30 days after the initial attachment of infected ticks, because the incubation required is around 10–25 days, and the parasite spreads quickly and is rather aggressive.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Clinical signs include fever and enlarged lymph nodes near the tick bites.

Smears and stains can also be done to check for the parasite. Schizonts (meronts, or segmentors) can be found in infected lymphocytes. Pathology includes anorexia, dyspnea, corneal opacity, nasal discharge, frothy nasal discharge, diarrhea, pulmonary edema, leukopenia, and anemia. Endemic cattle given medication sometimes recover to varying degrees, or death follows due to blocked capillaries and parasites infecting the central nervous system.^[7] Cattle in endemic areas which survive infection become carriers.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

For diagnosis, post mortem findings are characteristic and mainly include damage to the lymphoid and respiratory systems.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Treatment and control

One study using the medicinal plant Peganum harmala showed it to have a lifesaving effect on cattle infected with East Coast fever.^[8]

The classical treatment with tetracyclines (1970–1990) cannot provide efficiency more than 50%.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Since the early 1990s, buparvaquone is used in bovine theileriosis with remarkable results (90 to 98% recovery).{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Other than the buparvaquones, other chemotherapeutic options are the parvaquones, e.g. Clexon.^[9] Halofuginone lactate^[10] has also been shown to have an 80.5% efficacy against Theirelia parva parva infections. The ultimate factor that causes death is pulmonary edema.

In May 2010, a vaccine to protect cattle against East Coast fever reportedly had been approved and registered by the governments of Kenya, Malawi and Tanzania.^[11] This consists of cryopreserved sporozoites from crushed ticks, but it is expensive and can cause disease.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

Control of the disease relies on control of ticks of domestic animals. This is a major concern in tropical countries with large livestock populations, especially in the endemic area. Pesticides (acaricides) are applied in dipping baths or spray races, and cattle breeds with good ability to acquire immune resistance to the vector ticks are used.{{cn|date=December 2017}}

History

This disease was first reported in southern Africa, south of the Zambezi river, in 1902.^[12] It became known as East Coast fever after it was determined that the disease had originated in cattle imported from the East Coast of Africa.^[12]

References

• 2010 Nigerien floods
• 2010 NIO
• 2010 Nipissing District municipal elections
• 2010 Nippon Professional Baseball season
• 2010 NIT
• 2010 NLCS
• 2010 NLDS
• 2010 NLL season
• 2010 Nobel Peace Prize
• 2010 nobel prizes
• 2010 Nocton Dairies controversy
• 2010 Nordic Figure Skating Championships
• 2010 Nordic Junior World Ski Championships
• 2010 Nordic Speedway Grand Prix
• 2010 Nordic Trophy
• 2010 Nordic Trophy Junior
• 2010 Nord LB Open
• 2010 Nord LB Open - Doubles
• 2010 Nord LB Open - Singles
• 2010 Nord LB Open – Doubles
• 2010 Nord LB Open – Singles
• 2010 Norfolk County municipal election
• 2010 North African Cup of Champions
• 2010 North African Cup Winners Cup
• 2010 North African Futsal Cup