| 词条 | Eastern spinebill |
| 释义 |
| name = Eastern spinebill | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | image_width = | image = Eastern Spinebill444.jpg | image_caption = male | image2 = Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris female.jpg | image2_caption = female | taxon = Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris | authority = (Latham, 1801) | subdivision_ranks = Subspecies | subdivision = Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris cairnsensis Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris dubius Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris halmaturinus Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris tenuirostris }} The eastern spinebill (Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris) is a species of honeyeater found in south-eastern Australia in forest and woodland areas, as well as gardens in urban areas of Canberra, Sydney and Melbourne. It is around 15 cm long, and has a distinctive black, white and chestnut plumage, a red eye, and a long downcurved bill. TaxonomyOriginally described as Certhia tenuirostris by the English ornithologist John Latham in 1801,[2] it is a member of the small genus Acanthorhynchus with one other, the western spinebill of Western Australia. The generic name is derived from the Greek translation of its common name, namely acantho-/ακανθο- "spine" and rhynchos/ρυνχος "bill".[3] Its specific name is from Latin tenuis "narrow" and rostrum "billed". Other English names include spine-billed honeyeater and awl-bird or cobbler’s awl bird. {{sfn|Higgins|Peter|Steele|2001| p=1104}} The eastern spinebill is polytypic consisting of the subspecies A. t. cairnsensis, A. t. dubius, A. t. halmaturinus, and the nominate subspecies A. t. tenuirostris.{{sfn|Higgins|Peter|Steele|2001| p=1104}} The eastern spinebill forms a superspecies with the closely related western spinebill.[4] Scientists believe the two sister species are descended from a shared ancestor whose once widespread populations were separated by climate change. During a past period of desertification, that ancestor species retreated to refuges in the south western and south eastern corners of the continent, and evolved into the two present-day spinebill species.[5] Recent DNA studies have shown that the two spinebills belong to a clade which is a sister taxon to all other honeyeaters.[6] DescriptionThe male eastern spinebill is {{convert|13|–|16|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}} long, and has a long thin downcurved black bill with a black head, white throat with a reddish patch and red iris. It has a brownish-red nape, a grey brown back and pale cinnamon underparts. The dark tail is tipped with white laterally. Females and juveniles are smaller and duller. The call is a rapid piping.[7] Distribution and habitatEastern spinebills are found in dry sclerophyll forest, scrub and heathland from the Cooktown area in North Queensland south through New South Wales east of the Great Dividing Range, through Victoria and into the Flinders Ranges in eastern South Australia as well as throughout Tasmania. Adaptable, they can be found in urban gardens with sufficient vegetation to act as cover and a food source. ReproductionBreeding season is from August to December, with one or two broods raised. The nest is a deep cup-shaped structure of grass and bark lined with feathers, generally in the fork of a small bushy tree or shrub. The clutch is one to four, with two being the average, pinkish eggs with dark reddish brown blotches and spots 17 x 13 mm in size.[8] The female incubates the eggs for 13 to 16 days before hatching. Both parents feed the chicks and remove the faecal sacs from the nest. DietThe eastern spinebill feeds on nectar from many plants, including the blooms of gum trees, mistletoes Amyema spp., Epacris longiflora,[9] Epacris impressa (common heath), Correa reflexa, and various members of the Proteaceae such as Banksia ericifolia,[9] Banksia integrifolia, Lambertia formosa and Grevillea speciosa, as well as small insects and other invertebrates. A 1982 study in the New England National Park in north-eastern New South Wales found that there was a large influx of birds coinciding with the start of flowering of Banksia spinulosa there.[10] They have been known to feed from exotic plants such as fuchsias.[11] During periods of abundant flowering there may be periods of low nectar production, and it appears that the eastern spinebill responds to these periodic shortages by storing fat during periods of high nectar production, increasing the amount of time spent feeding, or dropping its day-time metabolic rate to night-time levels.[12] External links
References{{Wikispecies|Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris|Eastern spinebill}}{{Commons category|Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris}}1. ^{{IUCN|id=22704421 |title=Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris |assessor=BirdLife International |assessor-link=BirdLife International |version=2013.2 |year=2012 |accessdate=26 November 2013}} 2. ^{{ cite book | last=Latham | first=John | author-link=John Latham (ornithologist) | year=1801 | title=Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae | place=London | publisher=Leigh & Sotheby | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33261410| page=xxxvi }} 3. ^{{cite book | author = Liddell, Henry George | author-link = Henry George Liddell | author2 = Robert Scott | author2-link = Robert Scott (philologist) | last-author-amp = yes | year = 1980 | title = A Greek-English Lexicon (Abridged Edition) | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = United Kingdom | isbn= 0-19-910207-4}} 4. ^{{cite book |title=Directory of Australian Birds: Passerines |first1=Richard |last1=Schodde |first2=I. J. |last2=Mason |year=1999 |publisher=CSIRO |location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia |isbn=978-0-643-10293-4}} 5. ^{{cite book |title=Speciation and Biogeography of Birds |first1=Ian |last1=Newton |pages=341–342 |isbn=978-0-08-092499-1 |year=2003 |location=San Diego, CA |publisher=Academic Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HHzT7a8LzkgC&pg=PA342}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds |first1=Les |last1=Christidis |first2=Walter |last2=Boles |location=Collingwood, VIC, Australia |publisher=CSIRO |year=2008 |page=186 |isbn=978-0-643-06511-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SFP9P1i-PoEC&pg=PA186}} 7. ^{{cite book|vauthors=Simpson K, Day N, Trusler P | title = Field Guide to the Birds of Australia | publisher = Viking O'Neil | year = 1993 | location = Ringwood, Victoria | isbn = 0-670-90478-3 | page = 392}} 8. ^{{cite book | last = Beruldsen | first = Gordon | title = Australian Birds: Their Nests and Eggs | publisher = self | year = 2003 | location = Kenmore Hills, Queensland | isbn = 0-646-42798-9 | page = 327}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Paton |first=D.C. |author2=V. Turner |year=1985 |title=Pollination of Banksia ericifolia Smith: Birds, mammals and insects as pollen vectors |journal=Australian Journal of Botany |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages= 271–286 |doi=10.1071/BT9850271}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal| last =Ford| first =Hugh A. | last2 =Pursey | first2 = J.F.| title =Status and feeding of the Eastern Spinebill Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris at the New England National Park, North-eastern NSW| journal = Emu | volume = 82| issue = 4| pages = 203–211| publisher = CSIRO | year =1991| issn = 0158-4197|doi =10.1071/MU9820203 }} 11. ^{{cite web | authorlink = Australian Museum | author = Australian Museum | title = Bird Finder – Eastern Spinebill | work = Birds in Backyards | publisher = Australian Museum | year = 2006 | url = http://birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=109 | accessdate = 2007-06-26}} 12. ^{{cite journal| last =Ford| first =Hugh A.| title =Coping With an Erratic Nectar Source: Eastern Spinebills Acanthorhynchus tenuirostris at New England National Park| journal = Emu | volume = 91| issue = 1| pages = 53–56| publisher = CSIRO | year =1991| issn = 0158-4197|doi = 10.1071/MU9910053}} Bibliography
8 : Acanthorhynchus|Birds of New South Wales|Birds of Queensland|Birds of South Australia|Birds of Tasmania|Birds of Victoria (Australia)|Endemic birds of Australia|Birds described in 1801 |
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