| 词条 | Echtra |
| 释义 |
An Echtra or Echtrae (pl. Echtrai), is type of pre-Christian Old Irish literature about a hero's adventures in the Otherworld or with otherworldly beings. Definition and etymologyIn Irish literature Echtrae and Immram are tales of voyages to an Otherworld. In general the "Echtrae" are set in a pagan context.{{sfn|Dumville|1976|p=73}} In contrast the Immram, though containing mythological story elements, are set in post-pagan Ireland, and the main protagonist is Christian, and the journey is usually by sea.[2] A point of contention in absolute definition exists in the case of "Immram Brain maic Febail".{{sfn|Dumville|1976|p=73}} Despite the naming this tale is consider to form form part of the Echtrae milleu, and may have been named as an Immram due to a conflation of Bran (Brain) and St. Brendan. Generally, echtra was the Old Irish word for "adventure" (literally meaning an "outing".{{sfn|Dumville|1976|p=73}}), as well as a cognate for the Latin extra,[1] The modern and middle Irish language word is eachtra. The Dictionary of the Irish Language notes alternative usage meanings in addition to the primary "expedition, voyage, journey" - these include "a warlike expedition", and the more general "tale", or "history".[2] DescriptionThough Echtrai often involve a journey to an otherworld, the exact destination or journey can vary - voyages take place by sea in Echtrae Conli; in a journey underneath a lake in Echtrae Laegairi; or into a fairy mound (Sidhe) in Echtrae Nerai;{{sfn|Dumville|1976|p=73}} alternatively the story may not included such a journey but instead involve an interaction with otherworldly beings : in Echtrae Nerai, set on Samhain, the hero Nera sees prophetic visions whilst in the presence of a hanged man;[2] whilst in Echtra Mac nEchach Muid-medóin, the hero Níall gains the sovereignty of Ireland by kissing a hag guarding a well.[2] WorksLists compiled from {{harv|Dumville|1976}}, {{harv|Duignan|2010}} :
There are also visits to the otherworld undertaken by the hero Cuchulainn, including : Forfess Fer Fálgae, Fled Bricrenn ocus Loinges mac nDuil Dermait, and Compert Con Culainn References1. ^{{citation| first = Aoife Assumpta |last = Hart | title = Ancestral Recall: The Celtic Revival and Japanese Modernism | publisher = McGill-Queens University Press | year = 2016 }} [3]2. ^{{citation| url =http://www.dil.ie/search?q=echtra&search_in=headword | title = Echtra| work = www.dil.ie }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{citation| work = Celtic Culture - A historical encyclopedia |first = John T. | last = Koch | title = Echtai | page = 646 }} }} Sources{{refbegin}}
4 : Early Irish literature|Irish mythology|Voyagers in Celtic mythology|Medieval literature |
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