请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Economy of London
释义

  1. GDP

  2. Service industries

     Business districts  Domestic and international corporate headquarters  Financial services  Professional services  Media  Tourism  Technology  Retail 

  3. Manufacturing and construction

     Manufacturing  Construction 

  4. Transport

     Crossrail  Airports  Ports 

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{EngvarB|date=June 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}London, the capital city of the United Kingdom, is one of the world's leading financial centres for international business and commerce and is one of the "command centres" for the global economy.[1][2][3]

The economy of London is dominated by service industries, particularly financial services and associated professional services, which have strong links with the economy in other parts of the United Kingdom and internationally.[4] According to the Brookings Institution, in 2011 London had the fifth largest metropolitan economy in the world.[5] Some neighbourhoods have estimated per capita GVA as high as £116,800 ($162,200).[6]

With an estimated 8,615,246 residents in 2015,[7] London is the most populous region, urban zone and metropolitan area in the United Kingdom.[8] London generates approximately 22 per cent of the UK's GDP.[9][10] 841,000 private sector businesses were based in London at the start of 2013, more than in any other region or country in the UK. 18 per cent are in the professional, scientific and technical activities sector while 15 per cent are in the construction sector. Many of these are small and medium-sized enterprises.[11]

GDP

London produced in 2016 about £408 billion or $765 billion[12], over 22% of UK GDP, while the economy of the London metropolitan area—the largest in Europe—generates about 30 per cent of the UK's GDP (or an estimated $669 billion in 2005).

Service industries

London shifted to a mostly service-based economy earlier than other European cities, particularly following the Second World War. A number of factors contribute to London's success as a service industry and business centre:

  • English being the native language and the dominant international language of business;
  • its past role as the capital of the former British Empire;[13][14]
  • its position in Europe, since Europe has a population and GDP larger than those of the US,[15] and a central time zone that allows London to act as a bridge between US and Asian markets;.[16]
  • the Special Relationship between the United Kingdom and United States,[17] and the United Kingdom's close relationships with many countries in Asia, Africa and the Middle East, particularly those in the Commonwealth of Nations;[18][19]
  • English contract law being the most important and most used contract law in international business;[20]
  • a business friendly environment (e.g. relatively low taxes for corporations and non-domiciled foreign individuals;[21][22] in the City of London the local government is not elected by the resident population but instead by resident businesses – the City of London is a business democracy);[23][24]
  • good transport infrastructure particularly its aviation industry;[25][26]
  • a high quality of life.[27][28][29]

Currently, over 85% (3.2 million) of the employed population of greater London works in the service industries. Another half a million employees resident in Greater London work in manufacturing and construction, almost equally divided between both.[30]

Business districts

{{See also|Infrastructure in London}}

London has five major business districts: the City, Westminster, Canary Wharf, Camden & Islington and Lambeth & Southwark. One way to get an idea of their relative importance is to look at relative amounts of office space: Greater London had 26,721,000 m2 of office space in 2001.

Business district Office space (m2) Business concentration
The City 7,740,000 Finance, broking, insurance, legal, fund managers, banking
Westminster 5,780,000 Head offices, real estate, private banking, hedge funds, government
Camden & Islington 2,294,000 Creative industries, finance, design, art, fashion, architecture, media
Canary Wharf 2,120,000 Banking, media, legal
Lambeth & Southwark 1,780,000 Accountancy, consultancy, local government

A useful guide to the distribution of wealth across London is the cost of renting office space. Mayfair and St. James's are historically and currently the most expensive areas – approximately £146 per sq ft per annum. The least expensive commercial districts are Waterloo & Southwark and East London Tech City, a new, but growing hub of start up technology companies, also known as Silicon Roundabout – approximately £65 per sq ft per annum.[31]

Domestic and international corporate headquarters

The London Stock Exchange is the most international stock exchange and the largest in Europe.[32][33] More than half of the London Stock Exchange top 100 listed companies (the FTSE 100) and over 100 of Europe's 500 largest companies are headquartered in central London. Over 70% of the FTSE 100 are located within London's metropolitan area, and 75% of Fortune 500 companies have offices in London. According to research by Deloitte, "London has the most internationally diverse executive community in the world, attracting business leaders from 95 nationalities and with alumni working in 134 countries".[34]

Financial services

London's largest industry remains finance, it is the largest financial exporter in the world which makes a significant contribution to the UK's balance of payments.[35][36] In the 2017 Global Financial Centres Index, London was ranked as having the most competitive financial center in the world. However, in the 2018 ranking, London has lost that title to New York City. It ranks alongside cities such as, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, San Francisco, Chicago, Sydney, Boston, and Toronto.[37] The City of London is home to exchanges, banks, brokers, investment managers, pension funds, hedge funds,[38] private equity firms, insurance companies and reinsurance markets. London is notable as a centre of international finance where foreign participants in financial markets come to deal with one another.[2][39] It is also home to the Bank of England, the second oldest central bank in the world, and the European Banking Authority, although the latter is moving to Paris in March 2019 following the Brexit referendum of 2016.[40][41] Other key institutions are Lloyd's of London for insurance, the Baltic Exchange for shipping.[42][43]

A second financial district has developed at Canary Wharf to the east of the City, which includes the global headquarters of two of the world's largest banks, HSBC and Barclays, the rest-of-the-world headquarters of Citigroup and the headquarters of the global news service Reuters. London handled 36.7% of global currency transactions {{As of|2009|alt=in 2009}} – an average daily turnover of US$1.85 trillion – with more US dollars traded in London than New York, and more Euros traded than in every other city in Europe combined.[44][45][46][47][48] London is the leading centre for international bank lending,[49] derivatives markets,[50] money markets,[51] international insurance,[52] trading in gold, silver and base metals through the London bullion market and London Metal Exchange,[53] and issuance of international debt securities.[54][55][56]

Financial services in London benefited from the UK's membership of the European Union,[57] although this may end following the decision of the United Kingdom to leave the European Union. The position of London as a financial centre may be further enhanced by a free trade agreement between the UK and the USA.[58]

The combination of lax regulation and London's financial institutions providing sophisticated methods to launder proceeds from criminal activity around the world, including those from drug trade, makes the City a global hub for illicit finance and London a safe haven for the world's malfeasants, according to research papers and reports published in the mid-2010s.[59][60][61][62][63][64]

Professional services

{{See also|Legal services in the United Kingdom}}

London is a leading global centre for professional services.[65][66] Many different types of professional service providers are located in the city including the big four accountants and major management consulting firms. London is the headquarters for four of the world's six largest law firms and is a leading international centre for legal services.[67][68]

Media

{{Main article|Media in London}}

Media companies are concentrated in London and the media distribution industry is London's second most competitive sector.[69] The BBC is a key employer, other broadcasters also have headquarters around the city. Many national newspapers are edited in London, having traditionally been associated with Fleet Street in the City, they are now dispersed across the capital. Soho is the centre of London's post-production industry. Hollywood's links with the United Kingdom are centred on London, which contributes billions to the economy.[70][71]

Tourism

{{Main article|Tourism in London}}

Tourism is one of London's prime industries. London is the most visited city in the world by international tourists with 18.8 million international visitors forecast in 2015, ahead of Bangkok (18.2 million) and Paris (16.1 million).[72] Within the UK, London is home to the ten most-visited tourist attractions.[73] Tourism employed the equivalent of 350,000 full-time workers in London in 2003,[74] whilst annual expenditure by tourists is around £15bn.[75]

Technology

A growing number of technology companies are based in London, notably in East London Tech City also known as Silicon Roundabout. Investment in London's technology sector was $2.28 billion in 2015, 69 per cent higher than the $1.3 billion raised in 2014. Since 2010, London-based technology companies have collectively raised $5.2 billion of venture capital funding.[76] A report by EY highlighted the importance of London to the UK's FinTech industry in terms of availability of expertise and demand for services.[77]

Retail

London is a major retail centre,[78][79] and in 2010 had the highest non-food retail sales of any city in the world, with a total spend of around £64.2 billion.[80] The UK's fashion industry, centred on London, contributes tens of billions to the economy.[81]

Manufacturing and construction

{{See also|Manufacturing in the United Kingdom|Construction industry of the United Kingdom}}

For the 19th and much of the 20th centuries London was a major manufacturing centre (see Manufacturing in London), with over 1.5 million industrial workers in 1960. Manufacturing suffered dramatic decline from the 1960s on.[82] Entire industries have been lost including shipbuilding (which ended in 1912 after hundreds of years with the closure of the Thames Ironworks and Shipbuilding Company), consumer electronics, aircraft manufacture and most of the vehicle construction industry. This trend continues, with the loss of the pharmaceutical manufacturing sites of Aesica (formerly Merck Sharp and Dohme) at Ponders End in 2011,[83][84] and Sanofi-Aventis (originally May & Baker) at Dagenham by 2013.[85] Pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies in the United Kingdom still have a presence in London, including the world headquarters of GlaxoSmithKline.[86][87]

Manufacturing

A substantial industrial plant remaining in operation is Ford Dagenham, the largest diesel engine manufacturing site in the world.[88] Food and drink manufacture remain in places, for example baking at Warburtons in Brimsdown, biscuits at United Biscuits in Harlesden, brewing at Fuller's Brewery in Chiswick, manufacture of coffee and chocolate by Nestlé in Hayes in West London, and refining of sugar and syrup by Tate & Lyle in Silvertown. At 2.8%, London was the region containing the lowest proportion of employees engaged in UK manufacturing.

Construction

London was named the city with the best real estate investment opportunities for foreign investors in 2014.[89] Office development was at a four-year high in 2013 with 9.7 million sq ft across 71 schemes under construction.[90]

A multibillion-pound 10-year construction programme has begun in Nine Elms on the South Bank of the river Thames in central London. This will develop the area from a semi-derelict, light industrial zone into a modern residential and business district. The programme includes regeneration of Battersea Power Station, construction of new embassies for the United States and the Netherlands, and regeneration of New Covent Garden Market which is the largest fresh produce market in the UK. Transport improvement plans include two new Northern line tube stations, riverbus piers, new bus services and a network of cycle lanes and footpaths. A new bridge across the river Thames will link Nine Elms to Pimlico on the opposite bank. Around 25,000 permanent jobs will be created once the new buildings are occupied and around 16,000 new homes.[91][92][93]

Other large construction projects include Kings Cross Central and Paddington Waterside. In 2014, the government identified 20 new housing zones across London,[94] and in February 2015 the development of the first nine zones was approved, which will create 28,000 new homes by 2025 from £260m of investment.[95]

Transport

{{Main article|Transport in London}}

Transportation contributes to both the service and construction sectors of the London economy.

London has an integrated public transport system operated by Transport for London under a single electronic ticketing system, the Oyster card. The city's network successfully provided transport for the 2012 Summer Olympics.[96] It includes the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway, London Buses and London River Services. A ring of 18 railway stations provides train links to cities, towns and villages around the country as well international services to Paris, Brussels and Amsterdam via the high-speed Eurostar.[97] The Thameslink rail network is undergoing a £6bn programme to upgrade and expand the line.

Crossrail

Crossrail, originally planned to open in 2018 but delayed until late 2019 or 2020[98], will be a new railway line running east to west through London and into the surrounding countryside. It will run on 118 km (73 mi) of track with a branch to Heathrow Airport.[99] The main feature of the project is construction of 42 km (26 mi) of new tunnels connecting stations in central London including a branch to Canary Wharf in east London. It is Europe's biggest construction project with a £15 billion projected cost.[100][101] An additional line, Crossrail 2, has been proposed.

Airports

London is served by six international airports which are the world's busiest city airport system by passenger traffic. These are Heathrow, Gatwick, Stansted, Luton, London City, and Southend.

There are a number of proposals for expanding airport capacity for London including expansion of London Heathrow Airport and expansion of Gatwick Airport. The principal argument in favour of airport expansion is to support economic growth in the UK by providing an international hub for air-transport links to fast-growing developing countries around the world.[102] The Heathrow proposal expects to create 120,000 new jobs across the UK and bring economic benefits of more than £100 billion.[103] It also anticipates boosting exports as a result of the expansion.[104]

Ports

Once the largest port in the world, the Port of London is today the second-largest in the United Kingdom, handling 48 million tonnes of cargo each year.[105] The port is not located in one area – it stretches along the tidal Thames, including central London, with many individual wharfs, docks, terminals and facilities built incrementally over the centuries. As with many similar historic European ports the bulk of activities has steadily moved downstream towards the open sea, as ships have grown larger and other city uses take up land closer to the city's centre. Today, much of the Port of London cargo passes through the Port of Tilbury, outside the boundary of Greater London.

London Gateway, the UK's newest container port, opened in 2013. The £1.5bn facility at Thurrock, Essex, is 20 miles (32 km) down the River Thames from London. It is expected to be able to handle 3.5 million containers a year. The development is forecast to create 27,000 jobs in London and the South East and contribute £2.4bn a year to its economy.[106]

See also

{{Portal|London|England}}{{Wikipedia books|London}}
  • Agriculture in London
  • Economy of Croydon
  • Economy of Europe
  • Economy of the United Kingdom
  • List of companies based in London

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Sassen, Saskia|title=The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo|year=2001|publisher=Princeton University Press|edition=2nd|authorlink=Saskia Sassen}}
2. ^1 {{cite book|last=Roberts|first=Richard|title=The City: A Guide to London's Global Financial Centre|year=2008|publisher=Economist|page=2|id= {{ASIN|1861978588|country=uk}}}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.propertyfundsworld.com/2017/02/15/248711/london-tops-colliers-cities-influence-index|title=London tops Colliers Cities of Influence index|date=15 February 2017|accessdate=20 February 2017|publisher=GFM Ltd.|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=Global Power City Index 2016|url=http://mori-m-foundation.or.jp/english/ius2/gpci2/index.shtml|publisher=Institute for Urban Strategies, The Mori Memorial Foundation|accessdate=20 February 2017|date=18 October 2016|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/20/GFCI20_26Sep2016.pdf|title=Global Financial Centres Index 20|publisher=Z/Yen and China Development Institute|date=26 September 2016|accessdate=11 October 2016|postscript=none|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170928122804/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/20/GFCI20_26Sep2016.pdf|archive-date=28 September 2017|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}; {{cite web|title=Cities of Opportunity 7|url=http://www.pwc.com/us/en/cities-of-opportunity/2016/cities-of-opportunity-7-report.pdf|publisher=PwC|accessdate=7 September 2016|date=7 September 2016|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=European attractiveness survey 2016 – European cities|url=http://www.ey.com/gl/en/issues/business-environment/ey-2016-european-attractiveness-survey|publisher=EY|date=24 May 2016|accessdate=20 February 2017|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=London is the soft power and high skills capital of the world|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/press-releases/articles/london-soft-power-and-high-skills-capital.html|publisher=Deloitte|accessdate=2 March 2016|date=2 March 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Key Facts about UK Financial and Related Professional Services 2016|url=https://www.thecityuk.com/research/key-facts-about-uk-financial-and-related-professional-services-2016/|publisher=TheCityUK|accessdate=11 October 2016|date=7 March 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|title=Global city GDP 2011|publisher=Brookings Institution|accessdate=13 May 2013|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6H7Jql2A9?url=http://www.brookings.edu/research/interactives/global-metro-monitor-3|archivedate=4 June 2013|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/02/26/news/economy/london-rich-europe|title=This pocket of London is the richest place in Europe... by far|work=CNNMoney|access-date=2018-03-05|date=26 February 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2936015/London-bigger-Record-8-615million-people-live-capital-taking-pre-WWII-peak.html|title=Record 8.615million people now live in London|publisher=|date=2015-02-02}}
8. ^According to the European Statistical Agency, London is the largest Larger Urban Zone which uses conurbations and areas of high population as its definition. A ranking of population within municipal boundaries places London first. However, the University of Avignon in France claims that Paris is first and London second when including the whole urban area and hinterland, that is the outlying cities as well
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/regional-accounts/regional-gross-value-added--income-approach-/december-2013/rft-nuts3.xls|title=ONS Regional GVA 2013|publisher=Office for National Statistics|accessdate=7 January 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|title=London's competitive place in the UK and global economies|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Pages/londons-competitive-place-uk-and-global-economies.aspx|publisher=City of London|accessdate=24 May 2015|date=20 January 2011}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/252175/13-92-business-population-estimate-2013-stats-release-4.pdf |publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills |title=Business Population Estimates 2013 |date=23 October 2013 |accessdate=16 November 2013}}
12. ^https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/grossvalueaddedgva/bulletins/regionalgrossvalueaddedbalanceduk/1998to2016/pdf
13. ^{{cite web|author1=Professor Kenneth Morgan|title=Symbiosis: Trade and the British Empire|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/empire_seapower/trade_empire_01.shtml|publisher=BBC|accessdate=13 December 2014|date=17 February 2012}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Global Trade and Empire|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/asians/empire/theempire.html|publisher=The British Library|accessdate=14 December 2014}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=The Economic Benefits to the UK of EU Membership|url=http://www.euromove.org.uk/index.php?id=15296|publisher=European Movement|accessdate=2 October 2014|quote=By being a Member State of the European Union the United Kingdom is part of the world's largest single market – an economic zone larger than that of the USA and Japan combined with a total GDP of around £11 trillion. This single market of 500 million people provides a relatively level playing for British business to trade in. This enables not just free trade in terms of the absence of customs duties or tariffs but a common set of rules so that business does not have to comply with 27 different sets of regulations.}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=London Wants to Tap Chinese Currency Market|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2012/01/16/london-wants-to-tap-chinese-currency-market/?_r=0|publisher=The New York Times Deal Book|accessdate=13 December 2014|date=16 January 2012}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Press Conference by Kerry, British Foreign Secretary Hague|url=http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/texttrans/2013/09/20130909282464.html|publisher=U.S. Department of State|accessdate=8 December 2013|location=United Kingdom Foreign and Commonwealth Office, London|date=9 September 2013|quote=John Kerry: We are not only each other's largest investors in each of our countries, one to the other, but the fact is that every day almost one million people go to work in America for British companies that are in the United States, just as more than one million people go to work here in Great Britain for American companies that are here. So we are enormously tied together, obviously. And we are committed to making both the US–UK and the US–EU relationships even stronger drivers of our prosperity.}}
18. ^{{cite web|title=UK bilateral trade relations: business opportunities|url=https://www.gov.uk/uk-bilateral-trade-relations-business-opportunities|publisher=Department for Business, Innovation & Skills|accessdate=13 December 2014|date=20 September 2012}}
19. ^{{Cite journal|title=UK – Commonwealth trade statistics – Commons Library Standard Note|url=http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/research/briefing-papers/SN06497/uk-commonwealth-trade-statistics|publisher=UK Parliament|accessdate=13 December 2014|date=6 December 2012|last1=Allen|first1=Grahame}}
20. ^{{cite web|title=English Common Law is the most widespread legal system in the world|url=http://www.sweetandmaxwell.co.uk/about-us/press-releases/061108.pdf|publisher=Sweet & Maxwell|accessdate=16 December 2013|date=November 2008}}
21. ^{{cite news|title=London's Low Taxes Lure Foreign Companies as Banks Retrench|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-10-17/london-luring-foreign-companies-with-low-taxes-as-banks-retrench.html|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=22 December 2013}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=KPMG's Annual Tax Competitiveness Survey 2013|url=http://www.kpmg.com/uk/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/pages/tax-competitiveness-survey-2013.aspx|publisher=KPMG|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=2018-09-06}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=UK leads the way for business cost competitiveness in the mature markets|url=http://www.kpmg.com/uk/en/issuesandinsights/articlespublications/newsreleases/pages/uk-leads-the-way-for-business-cost-competitiveness-in-the-mature-markets.aspx|publisher=KPMG|accessdate=22 December 2013|date=2018-09-06}}
24. ^{{cite news|title=The UK is the seventh most competitive economy in the world|url=http://www.cityam.com/250219/uk-seventh-most-competitive-economy-world|accessdate=9 October 2016|work=CityAM|date=27 September 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|title='World class' rating for London's transport|url=http://www.passengertransport.co.uk/2013/03/%E2%80%98world-class%E2%80%99-rating-for-london%E2%80%99s-transport/|publisher=Passenger Transport|accessdate=14 December 2014|date=27 March 2013|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=Transport|url=https://www.london.gov.uk/priorities/transport|publisher=Greater London Authority|accessdate=14 December 2014|date=2015-04-13}}
26. ^{{cite news|title=TfL's contactless future for the London commuter|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/6189187e-8e09-11e5-8be4-3506bf20cc2b.html|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=Financial Times|date=23 November 2015|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=150 facts for 150 years of the London Tube|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/history/150-facts-for-150-years-of-the-london-tube-8444153.html|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=The Independent|date=9 January 2013}}
27. ^{{cite news|title=London is best but not streets ahead of Paris: The winning formula is a free and flexible labour market, a broadly non-corrupt government, good infrastructure and a rich cultural life|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/sarah-sands-london-is-best-but-not-streets-ahead-of-paris-9779742.html|accessdate=7 October 2014|work=London Evening Standard|date=7 October 2014|quote=A survey yesterday showed that London is where most people in the world want to work, beating Paris and New York...Quality of life is decisive.|postscript=none}}; {{cite news|title=London 'is most desirable global city to move to for work'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/jobs/11142074/London-is-most-desirable-global-city-to-move-to-for-work.html|accessdate=25 May 2015|work=The Telegraph|date=6 October 2014|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=Decoding Global Talent|url=https://www.bcgperspectives.com/content/articles/human_resources_leadership_decoding_global_talent/|publisher=BCG|accessdate=25 May 2015|date=6 October 2014}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=There was no need for Osborne to dance so quickly to HSBC's tune|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/simon-jenkins-there-was-no-need-for-osborne-to-dance-so-quickly-to-hsbc-s-tune-a3181356.html|accessdate=2 March 2016|work=London Evening Standard|date=16 February 2016|quote=Global bankers may love London's domicile laws, property market and voluntary tax regime but the subconscious factor remains lifestyle.|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=HSBC decides to remain headquartered in the UK|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/comment/simon-jenkins-there-was-no-need-for-osborne-to-dance-so-quickly-to-hsbc-s-tune-a3181356.html|publisher=HSBC|accessdate=2 March 2016|date=14 February 2016}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Bankers' love of London complicates Brexit relocation plans|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-britain-eu-city-idUKKCN12B0G9|accessdate=11 October 2016|agency=Reuters|date=11 October 2016|postscript=none}}; {{Cite news|url=https://www.politico.eu/article/city-of-london-spouses-block-brexodus-financial-district-exit/|title=City spouses block Brexodus|date=2018-04-24|work=POLITICO|access-date=2018-04-25|language=en-US}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.uncsbrp.org/economicdevelopment.htm|title=The Development of London's Economy|website=London's Economic Plan and Major Industries|accessdate=3 March 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.findalondonoffice.co.uk/toolbox/rental-guide/|title=Office Rent London: Our Definitive Rental Guide – Updated for 2015 Q1|publisher=FindaLondonOffice|date=23 April 2015|accessdate=2 May 2015}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=Key Facts about the UK as an International Financial Centre 2014|url=https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2014/Reports-PDF/Key-Facts-about-international-financial-and-related-professional-services-2014.pdf|publisher=TheCityUK|accessdate=9 October 2016|page=4|date=3 July 2014}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Top 10 Stock Exchanges in the world|url=http://www.world-stock-exchanges.net/top10.html|publisher=World Stock Exchanges|accessdate=24 May 2015|year=2011}}
34. ^{{cite web|title=London is the soft power and high skills capital of the world|url=http://www2.deloitte.com/uk/en/pages/press-releases/articles/london-soft-power-and-high-skills-capital.html|publisher=Deloitte|accessdate=2 March 2016|date=2 March 2016}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=UK trade surplus in financial services highest ever|url=http://www.thecityuk.com/media/latest-news-from-thecityuk/thecityuk-uk-trade-surplus-in-financial-services-highest-ever/|publisher=TheCityUK|accessdate=5 June 2015|date=21 July 2015}}
36. ^"[https://www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/financial_services Financial Services] {{webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20060715144205/https%3A//www.uktradeinvest.gov.uk/ukti/appmanager/ukti/sectors?_nfls%3Dfalse%26_nfpb%3Dtrue%26_pageLabel%3DSectorType1%26navigationPageId%3D/financial_services |date=15 July 2006 }}", UK Trade & Investment, 11 May 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611000617/http://www.longfinance.net/images/gfci/gfci_21.pdf|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2017-06-11|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 21|date=March 2017|publisher=Long Finance}}
38. ^{{cite news|title=Hedge Funds Boost Leverage and Assets in FCA Survey|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-06-02/hedge-funds-increase-leverage-to-67-times-asset-value|accessdate=4 June 2015|work=Bloomberg|date=2 June 2015}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Why, in the era of Wall Street hegemony, do close to half of global financial transactions still flow through territories linked to Britain?|url=http://www.newleftproject.org/index.php/site/article_comments/britains_second_empire|publisher=New Left Project|accessdate=14 December 2014|date=17 August 2012}}
40. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.fnlondon.com/articles/eba-seeks-more-time-in-london-after-brexit-20180108|title=EBA seeks more time in London after Brexit|access-date=2018-04-05|date=2018-01-08|work=Financial News}}
41. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/relocation-london-agencies-brexit/|title=Relocation of the UK-based EU agencies - Consilium|website=www.consilium.europa.eu|language=en|access-date=2018-04-16}}
42. ^{{cite book|last1=Clark|first1=David|title=Urban world/global city|date=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0415320979|pages=174–176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J21sBa6n46gC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false|postscript=none}}; {{cite book|last1=Shubik|first1=Martin|title=The theory of money and financial institutions|date=1999|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0262693110|page=8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m9BWUe9xveQC&pg=PA8&lpg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=The value of Europe's international financial centres to the EU economy|url= http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/business/economic-research-and-information/research-publications/Pages/value-europes-international-financial-centres-to-eu.aspx|date=6 July 2011|accessdate=23 May 2015|page=6}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Business/Business_support_and_advice/Economic_information_and_analysis/Research+and+statistics+FAQ.htm|title=Research and statistics FAQ|publisher=The City of London|accessdate=23 February 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110926180238/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/LGNL_Services/Business/Business_support_and_advice/Economic_information_and_analysis/Research+and+statistics+FAQ.htm|archivedate=26 September 2011|df=dmy-all}}
45. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx05t.pdf|title=Triennial Central Bank Survey - Foreign exchange and derivatives market activity in 2004|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|date=March 2005|accessdate=2018-03-05}}
46. ^"Key facts {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120604105628/http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/Corporation/media_centre/keyfacts.htm |date=4 June 2012 }}", Corporation of London. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
47. ^European Central Bank (July 2017) [https://www.ecb.europa.eu/pub/pdf/other/ecb.euro-international-role-201707.pdf?5155295783d0b744ab5aa5a85d8674c1 "The international role of the euro"]. European Central Bank. p. 28.
48. ^Chatsworth Communications (April 6, 2016) "London's leading position as a USD 2.2 trillion hub for FX trading would be harmed by a Brexit, according to poll of currency market professionals". Chatsworth Communications.
49. ^{{cite web|title=External loans and deposits of banks|url=http://www.bis.org/statistics/r_qa1506_hanx3a.pdf|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|accessdate=23 May 2015|date=April 2015}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Triennial Central Bank Survey: OTC interest rate derivatives turnover in April 2013|url=http://www.bis.org/publ/rpfx13ir.pdf|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|accessdate=20 May 2015|page=11|date=September 2013}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=International money market instruments – all issuers By residence of issuer|url=http://www.bis.org/statistics/r_qa1503_hanx14a.pdf|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|accessdate=23 May 2015|date=March 2015}}
52. ^{{cite web|title=Key Facts about the UK as an International Financial Centre report 2015|url=https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2015/Reports-PDF/Key-Facts-about-international-financial-and-related-professional-services-2015.pdf|publisher=TheCityUK|accessdate=9 October 2016|page=3|date=21 July 2015}}
53. ^{{cite news|title=LBMA says banks back its plan to change London gold market|url=https://www.ft.com/content/b9805af6-653b-11e6-8310-ecf0bddad227|accessdate=9 October 2016|work=Financial Times|date=18 August 2016|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=A guide to The London Bullion Market Association|url=http://www.lbma.org.uk/assets/market/gdl/LBMA%20Brochure%20Final%2020150501.pdf|publisher=London Bullion Market Association|accessdate=9 October 2016|date=May 2015|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=London Metal Exchange|url=http://www.lme.com|publisher=The London Metal Exchange|accessdate=9 October 2016}}
54. ^{{cite web|title=International debt securities – all issuers All maturities, by residence of issuer|url=http://www.bis.org/statistics/r_qa1503_hanx11a.pdf|publisher=Bank for International Settlements|accessdate=23 May 2015|date=March 2015}}
55. ^{{cite web|title=The City of London as a Global Financial Centre: An historical and comparative perspective|author=Professor Ranald Michie, Durham University|date=July 2012|accessdate=23 May 2015|url=http://www.dur.ac.uk/resources/ihrr/tippingpoints/CityofLondonasaGlobalFinancialCentre-TPAnnualConference2012-RanaldMichie.ppt}}{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
56. ^{{cite news|title=London Is Eating New York's Lunch|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/04/magazine/how-london-surpassed-wall-street.html|accessdate=24 May 2015|work=The New York Times Magazine|date=29 February 2012}}
57. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/BRIE/2016/587384/IPOL_BRI(2016)587384_EN.pdf|title=Brexit: the United-Kingdom and EU financial services|last=|first=|date=9 December 2016|website=|publisher=Economic Governance Support Unit of the European Parliament|access-date=2 March 2018|page=1}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=The Transatlantic Trade & Investment Partnership (TTIP) brochure|url=http://www.thecityuk.com/assets/Uploads/Transatlantic-Trade-brochure.pdf|date=30 May 2013|accessdate=23 May 2015|publisher=The City UK}}{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
59. ^Dark money: London’s dirty secret Financial Times, 11 May 2016.
60. ^[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/london-is-now-the-global-money-laundering-centre-for-the-drug-trade-says-crime-expert-10366262.html London is now the global money-laundering centre for the drug trade, says crime expert] The Independent, 4 July 2015.
61. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/london-property-market-real-estate-money-laundering-overseas-foreign-buyers-mps-a7138176.html|title=London property market turned into money laundering safe haven by inadequate supervision, MPs say|work=The Independent|date=15 July 2016}}
62. ^{{Cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-markets-capital-flows-deutsche-idUKKBN0M61FM20150310|title=UK draws billions in unrecorded inflows, much from Russia – study|agency=Reuters|date=10 March 2015|newspaper=Reuters}}
63. ^{{cite web|url=http://russialist.org/russian-money-infects-london/|title=Russian money infects London|date=31 March 2015|publisher=}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.private-eye.co.uk/registry|title=Private Eye - Official Site - the UK's number one best-selling news and current affairs magazine, edited by Ian Hislop|website=www.private-eye.co.uk}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI17_23March2015.pdf|title=The Global Financial Centres Index 17|date=March 2015|publisher=Long Finance|accessdate=5 June 2015|page=32|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414052808/http://www.longfinance.net/images/GFCI17_23March2015.pdf|archive-date=14 April 2015|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=Key Facts about the UK as an International Financial Centre 2014|url=https://www.thecityuk.com/assets/2014/Reports-PDF/Key-Facts-about-international-financial-and-related-professional-services-2014.pdf|publisher=TheCityUK|accessdate=9 October 2016|page=5|date=3 July 2014}}
67. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.law.com/jsp/tal/PubArticleTAL.jsp?id=1202433980888|title=The Global 100: Most Revenue 2009|accessdate=13 August 2010|work=American Lawyer}}
68. ^{{cite web|title=UK leading the way as an international centre for legal services and dispute resolution|url=http://www.thecityuk.com/media/latest-news-from-thecityuk/uk-leading-the-way-as-an-international-centre-for-legal-services-and-dispute-resolution/|publisher=The City UK|accessdate=5 June 2015|date=30 January 2014}}
69. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/NR/rdonlyres/2CAE66FB-2DD5-41A5-B916-8FFC37276059/0/BC_RS_lpuk_0511_FR.pdf |title=London's Place in the UK Economy, 2005-6 }} {{small|(960 KiB)}}, p19, Oxford Economic Forecasting on behalf of the Corporation of London. Published November 2005. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
70. ^{{cite web|title=UK film's contribution to UK GDP over £4.6b|url=http://www.bfi.org.uk/news/uk-film-s-contribution-uk-gdp-over-46b|publisher=BFI|accessdate=14 December 2014|date=24 April 2014}}
71. ^{{cite news|title=We must build on this golden age for British film|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/comment/josh-berger-we-must-build-on-this-golden-age-for-british-film-9199271.html|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=London Evening Standard|date=18 March 2014}}
72. ^{{cite news|url=http://newsroom.mastercard.com/press-releases/london-retains-crown-in-2015-mastercard-global-destinations-cities-index/|work=Mastercard|date=3 June 2015|accessdate=2 March 2016|title=London Retains Crown in 2015 MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index}}
73. ^{{cite news|title=British Museum tops UK visitor attractions list|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-35730578|accessdate=7 March 2016|publisher=BBC|date=7 March 2016}}
74. ^"London is the HR centre of opportunity in the UK {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060325092421/http://www.personneltoday.com/Articles/2005/02/15/27958/London+is+the+HR+centre+of+opportunity+in+the+UK.htm |date=25 March 2006 }}", PersonnelToday.com, 15 February 2005. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
75. ^"The Importance of Tourism in London {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628053808/http://www.visitlondon.com/uploads/8551importanceoflondon_2004jun.pdf |date=28 June 2007 }}", Visit London. Retrieved 3 June 2006.
76. ^{{cite web|title=UK tech firms smash venture capital funding record|url=http://www.londonandpartners.com/media-centre/press-releases/2016/20160106-vc-barometer-q4|publisher=London & Partners|accessdate=2 February 2016|date=6 January 2016}}
77. ^{{cite web|title=An evaluation of the international FinTech sector|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/502995/UK_FinTech_-_On_the_cutting_edge_-_Full_Report.pdf|publisher=EY|accessdate=25 February 2016|date=24 February 2016}}
78. ^{{cite web|title=JLL announces Europe's retail gateway cities|url=http://www.jll.eu/emea/en-gb/news/575/jll-announces-europes-retail-gateway-cities-de2015|publisher=JLL Research|accessdate=2 February 2016|date=26 November 2014}}
79. ^{{cite news|title=Why London must retain its lead as the world's number one retail destination|url=http://www.cityam.com/220357/why-london-must-retain-its-lead-world-s-number-one-retail-destination|accessdate=2 February 2016|work=City A.M.|date=17 July 2015}}
80. ^{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/02/17/uk-retail-major-cities-idUKLNE71G00420110217|title=London tops world cities spending league|accessdate=14 May 2011|agency=Reuters|date=17 February 2011|first=Mark|last=Potter}}
81. ^{{cite news|title=London Fashion Week: Fashion industry worth £26 billion to UK economy|url=http://fashion.telegraph.co.uk/news-features/TMG10638284/London-Fashion-Week-Fashion-industry-worth-26-billion-to-UK-economy.html|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=14 February 2014}}
82. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/Collections-Research/Research/Your-Research/X20L/Themes/1376/1127/|title=Deindustrialisation 1960 to 1980|work=Exploring 20th century London |publisher=Museum of London|accessdate=22 February 2011}}
83. ^{{cite web |title=Pharmaceutical plant under_threat of closure|url=http://www.enfieldindependent.co.uk/news/8368073.Pharmaceutical_plant_under_threat_of_closure/|work=Enfield Independent|date=2 September 2010|accessdate=7 April 2011}}
84. ^{{cite web |title=Complete Plant Closure of Aesica Pharmaceuticals Enfield, UK Facility |url=http://www.prweb.com/releases/2011/03/prweb5183204.htm|publisher=PRWeb|date=22 March 2011|accessdate=7 April 2011}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Sanofi pulls out of Dagenham|url=http://www.inpharm.com/news/sanofi-pulls-out-dagenham|publisher=InPharm|accessdate=7 April 2011|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725051204/http://www.inpharm.com/news/sanofi-pulls-out-dagenham|archivedate=25 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
86. ^{{cite news|title=The UK is finally catching up with US in biotech investment – venture capital funding more than doubled last year|url=http://www.cityam.com/219829/uk-finally-catching-us-biotech-investment-life-sciences-funding-more-doubled-last-year|accessdate=10 July 2015|work=CityAM|date=9 July 2015|quote=Big push for London}}
87. ^{{cite web|title=The pharmaceutical industry and market in the UK|url=http://www.abpi.org.uk/industry-info/knowledge-hub/uk-economy/Pages/uk-industry-market.aspx|publisher=The Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry|accessdate=14 December 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214095518/http://www.abpi.org.uk/industry-info/knowledge-hub/uk-economy/Pages/uk-industry-market.aspx|archivedate=14 December 2014|df=dmy-all}}
88. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ford.co.uk/AboutFord/News/CompanyNews/2009/Dagenham80|title=Ford Dagenham at 80|accessdate=1 March 2011|publisher=Ford Motor Company|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824105738/http://www.ford.co.uk/AboutFord/News/CompanyNews/2009/Dagenham80|archivedate=24 August 2010|df=dmy-all}}
89. ^{{cite news|title=London 'best city for foreign property investment opportunities'|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/constructionandproperty/10553748/London-best-city-for-foreign-property-investment-opportunities.html|accessdate=14 December 2014|work=The Telegraph|date=6 January 2014}}
90. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/a7006e53a4222410VgnVCM3000003456f70aRCRD.htm |title=London Office Crane Survey – winter 2013 |publisher=Deloitte Real Estate |date=5 November 2013 |accessdate=7 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109101027/http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_GB/uk/a7006e53a4222410VgnVCM3000003456f70aRCRD.htm |archivedate=9 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
91. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/download/2753/nine_elms_future-special_brightside_supplement_for_battersea |title=NineElms Future |date=Spring 2010 |publisher=Wandsworth Council |accessdate=8 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100822011728/http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/download/2753/nine_elms_future-special_brightside_supplement_for_battersea |archivedate=22 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
92. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/info/200079/regeneration/371/nine_elms_on_the_south_bank |publisher=Wandsworth Council |title=Nine Elms on the South Bank |accessdate=8 September 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130826195439/http://www.wandsworth.gov.uk/info/200079/regeneration/371/nine_elms_on_the_south_bank |archivedate=26 August 2013 |df=dmy-all }}
93. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nineelmslondon.com/ |title=Nine Elms London}}
94. ^{{cite web|title=London housing zones to create 50,000 new homes|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/london-housing-zones-to-create-50000-new-homes|publisher=HM Treasury and Department for Communities and Local Government|accessdate=21 February 2015|date=13 June 2014}}
95. ^{{cite web|title=Mayor names London's first Housing Zones |url=http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2015/02/mayor-names-londons-first-housing-zones |publisher=Greater London Authority |accessdate=21 February 2015 |date=20 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221090351/http://www.london.gov.uk/media/mayor-press-releases/2015/02/mayor-names-londons-first-housing-zones |archivedate=21 February 2015 |df= }}
96. ^{{cite news|title=2012 Olympics transport strategy hailed a success |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-london-19240713 |publisher=BBC |date=13 August 2012 |accessdate=11 August 2013|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|title=The TfL Olympic Legacy: Measuring the Unmeasurable |url=http://www.londonreconnections.com/2013/the-tfl-olympic-legacy |date=29 July 2013|accessdate=11 August 2013|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|url=https://tfl.gov.uk/info-for/media/press-releases/2013/july/the-london-2012-games-transport-legacy-one-year-on|publisher=Transport for London|title=The London 2012 Games Transport Legacy: One Year On|date=19 July 2013|accessdate=11 August 2013|postscript=none}}; {{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/Communicatemag/tfl-olympic-legacy-stuart-ross|accessdate=11 August 2013|title=TfL Olympic Legacy|date=9 November 2012}}
97. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-43002908|title=Eurostar launches London-Amsterdam route|date=2018-02-09|work=BBC News|access-date=2018-03-05}}
98. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-london-46507417|title=£1.4bn bailout for Crossrail amid delays|date=2018-12-10|work=BBC News|access-date=2019-01-13|language=en-GB}}
99. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/maps/regional-map |title=Crossrail Regional Map |publisher=Crossrail Ltd |accessdate=8 September 2013}}
100. ^{{cite news |url= https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16289051 |publisher=BBC News |title= Crossrail's giant tunnelling machines unveiled |date=2 January 2012}}
101. ^{{Cite news |url= https://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/crossrail-delayed-to-save-1631bn-2064629.html |work=The Independent on Sunday |location= London |title= Crossrail delayed to save £1bn |date=29 August 2010 |first= Mark |last= Leftly}}
102. ^{{cite web|title=The global race|url=http://your.heathrow.com/takingbritainfurther/global-race/|publisher=Your Heathrow|accessdate=8 October 2014}}
103. ^{{cite web|title=New UK jobs|url=http://your.heathrow.com/takingbritainfurther/new-uk-jobs/|publisher=Your Heathrow|accessdate=8 October 2014}}
104. ^{{cite web|title=Boosting exports|url=http://your.heathrow.com/takingbritainfurther/boosting-exports/|publisher=Your Heathrow|accessdate=8 October 2014}}
105. ^{{cite web| url=http://assets.dft.gov.uk/statistics/releases/port-freight-statistics-2010-annual-provisional/port-freight-statistics-2010-annual-provisional.pdf| title=Provisional Port Statistics 2010| publisher=Department for Transport| accessdate=5 September 2011| deadurl=yes| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110830021518/http://assets.dft.gov.uk/statistics/releases/port-freight-statistics-2010-annual-provisional/port-freight-statistics-2010-annual-provisional.pdf| archivedate=30 August 2011| df=dmy-all}}
106. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-24844756 |title=London Gateway 'super-port' welcomes first vessel |publisher=BBC |date=7 November 2013 |accessdate=7 November 2013}}

External links

  • [https://www.nomisweb.co.uk/reports/lmp/gor/2013265927/report.aspx Labour Market Profile – London] Office for National Statistics Official Labour Market Statistics (Nomis)
  • [https://www.ons.gov.uk/economy/regionalaccounts Regional accounts] Office for National Statistics
  • Neighbourhood Statistics (NeSS) Office for National Statistics
  • [https://www.london.gov.uk/business-and-economy-publications/london-global-powerhouse London: The Global Powerhouse] Greater London Authority
  • [https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/research-and-analysis/economy-and-employment Economy and employment] Greater London Authority
  • Economic research and information The City of London Corporation
  • [https://www.thecityuk.com/research Research] TheCityUK
{{Economy of the United Kingdom}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Economy Of London}}

1 : Economy of London
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/9/21 10:30:36