| 词条 | Edakkal Caves | ||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Edakkal Caves | native_name = ഇടക്കൽ ഗുഹകൾ | native_name_lang = | alternate_name = | image ={{Photomontage | photo1a = Edakkal Cave.jpg | photo2a = Edakkal caves.JPG | photo2b = Cave at Edakkal(Inside).JPG | photo3a = Edakkal Caves 0423.jpg | photo3b = View from edakkal caves 03.jpg | size = 220 | position = center | spacing = 3 | color = #FFFFFF | border = 3 | color_border = green }} | image_size = | alt = | caption = | map = | map_type = India | map_alt = Edakkal Caves | map_caption = location in India | map_size = 240 | altitude_m = | altitude_ref = | relief = yes | coordinates = {{coord|11|37|28.81|N|76|14|8.88|E|display=inline,title}} | gbgridref = | map_dot_label = | location = Wayanad district of Kerala | region = India | type = | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | volume = | diameter = | circumference = | height = | builder = | material = | built = c4000BC-c1700BC | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | discovered = Fred Fawcett in 1890 | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | other_designation = | website = | architectural_styles = | architectural_details = | notes = }}{{Keralahistory}}Edakkal Caves (Malayalam: ഇടക്കൽ ഗുഹകൾ) are two natural caves at a remote location at Edakkal, {{convert|25 |km|mi|1|abbr=on}} from Kalpetta in the Wayanad district of Kerala in India's Western Ghats. They lie {{convert|1200 |m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level on Ambukutty Mala, near an ancient trade route connecting the high mountains of Mysore to the ports of the Malabar coast. Inside the caves are pictorial writings believed to date to at least 6,000 BCE,[1][2] from the Neolithic man, indicating the presence of a prehistoric civilization or settlement in this region.[3] The Stone Age carvings of Edakkal are rare and are the only known examples from South India.[4] PetroglyphsThese are not technically caves, but rather a cleft, rift or rock shelter approximately {{convert|96|ft|m|abbr=on}} by {{convert|22|ft|m|abbr=on}}, a {{convert|30|ft|m|adj=mid|-deep}} fissure caused by a piece of rock splitting away from the main body. On one side of the cleft is a rock weighing several tons that covers the cleft to form the 'roof' of the cave. The carvings are of human and animal figures, tools used by humans and of symbols yet to be deciphered, suggesting the presence of a prehistoric settlement.[5] The petroglyphs inside the cave are of at least three types. The oldest may date back to over 8,000 years. Evidences suggest that the Edakkal caves were inhabited several times at different points in history.[6] The caves were discovered by Fred Fawcett, a police official of the erstwhile Malabar state in 1890 who immediately recognised their anthropological and historical importance. He wrote an article about them, attracting the attention of scholars.[7] Probable links with Indus valley civilizationThe caves contain drawings that range over periods from the Neolithic as early as 5,000 BC to 1,000 BCE. The youngest group of paintings have been in the news for a possible connection to the Indus Valley Civilization.[8][9][10] Historian Raghava Varier of the Kerala State Archaeology Department identified a depiction as “a man with jar cup” that is the most distinct motif of the Indus valley civilization.[11] The finding, made in September 2009, indicates that the Harappan civilization was active in the region. The “a man with jar cup” symbol from Edakkal seems to be more similar to the Indus motif than those already known from Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Mr. Varier said “The discovery of the symbols are akin to that of the Harappan civilization having predominantly Dravidian culture and testimony to the fact that cultural diffusion could take place. It is wrong to presume that the Indus culture disappeared into thin air.” Iravatham Mahadevan, a scholar of Indus valley and gehsusue scripts said the findings were very significant called it a "major discovery". See also
Image galleryNotes1. ^http://globalvisiontours.com/kerala/wayanad/edakkal-caves.aspx 2. ^Protecting megaliths to keep history alive The Hindu daily 3. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/10/28/stories/2007102851830300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Archaeologists rock solid behind Edakkal Cave | date=2007-10-28}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://wayanad.nic.in/edakkalcave.htm |title=Edakkal Caves |publisher=Wayanad.nic |accessdate=2007-04-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060529222201/http://wayanad.nic.in/edakkalcave.htm |archivedate=May 29, 2006 }} 5. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/places.htm |title = Edakkal Cave |publisher = Kerala gov |accessdate = 2007-04-07 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070403172735/http://www.wyd.kerala.gov.in/places.htm |archivedate = 2007-04-03 |df = }} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.edakkal.com/|title=Edakkal Caves|publisher=Edakkal Caves Website|accessdate=2007-04-07}} 7. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2006/04/06/stories/2006040602020200.htm|title=Throwing new light on Edakkal Caves|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=2007-04-07|location=Chennai, India|date=2006-04-06}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article142152.ece |title=‘Edakkal cave findings related to Indus Valley civilization |publisher=The New Indian Express |date=2009-10-22 |accessdate=2012-08-17}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/26510292/Sarasvati-River-Indus-Script-Ancient-Village-Or |title=Sarasvati River Indus Script Ancient Village Or |publisher=Scribd.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-17}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Symbols-akin-to-Indus-valley-culture-discovered/Article1-459163.aspx |title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered |publisher=Hindustan Times |date=2009-09-29 |accessdate=2012-08-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128222211/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Symbols-akin-to-Indus-valley-culture-discovered/Article1-459163.aspx |archivedate=2011-01-28 |df= }} 11. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/states/article26324.ece | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Symbols akin to Indus valley culture discovered in Kerala | date=2009-09-29}} External links{{commons category|Edakkal Caves}}
8 : Caves of Kerala|Caves containing pictograms in India|History of Kerala|Archaeological sites in Kerala|Indus Valley Civilisation sites|Monuments of National Importance in Kerala|Geography of Wayanad district|Tourist attractions in Wayanad district |
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