| 词条 | Edward Charles Howard |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Edward Charles Howard | honorific_suffix = FRS | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1774|05|28}} | birth_place = | death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1816|09|28|1774|05|28}} | death_place = | death_cause = | body_discovered = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | monuments = | residence = | nationality = British | other_names = | ethnicity = | citizenship = | education = | alma_mater = | occupation = Chemist | years_active = | employer = | organization = | agent = | known_for = "The first chemical engineer of any eminence" | notable_works = Analysis of the composition of iron meteorites | style = | influences = | influenced = | home_town = | salary = | net_worth = | height = | weight = | television = | title = | term = | predecessor = | successor = | party = | movement = | opponents = | boards = | religion = | denomination = | criminal_charge = | criminal_penalty = | criminal_status = | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | relatives = | callsign = | awards = Copley medal for his work on mercury (1800) Howardite | signature = | signature_alt = | signature_size = | module = | module2 = | module3 = | module4 = | module5 = | module6 = | website = | footnotes = | box_width = }}Edward Charles Howard FRS (28 May 1774 – 28 September 1816)[1] the youngest brother of Bernard Howard, 12th Duke of Norfolk, was a British chemist who has been described as "the first chemical engineer of any eminence."[2] In January 1799 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society and in 1800 awarded their Copley medal for his work on mercury.[3] He discovered mercury fulminate, a powerful primary explosive. In 1813 he invented a method of refining sugar which involved boiling the cane juice not in an open kettle, but in a closed vessel heated by steam and held under partial vacuum. At reduced pressure, water boils at a lower temperature, and so Howard's development both saved fuel and reduced the amount of sugar lost through caramelisation. The invention, known as Howard's vacuum pan, is still in use. Howard also was interested in the composition of meteorites especially those of "natural iron". He found that many of these contained an alloy of nickel and iron that was not found on Earth, and thus they may have fallen from the sky. One type of meteorite is now known as Howardite. See also
References1. ^{{cite book | author = Walker, William | title = Memoirs of the distinguished men of science of Great Britain living in the years 1807–1808 | year = 1864 | publisher = E. & F. N. Spon | location = London | pages = 63–64 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=UTwBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA63&dq=Edward+Charles+howard}} 2. ^ Transactions of the Institution of Chemical Engineers (1951), volume 29, page 163. 3. ^{{cite web| url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=8&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27howard%27%29| title =Library and Archive Catalogue|publisher = Royal Society | accessdate = 21 November 2010}} Further reading
9 : 1774 births|1816 deaths|British chemists|Recipients of the Copley Medal|18th-century British people|19th-century British people|History of sugar|Fellows of the Royal Society|Meteorite researchers |
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