“Cecum”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The cecum or caecum ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|k|əm}}, plural ceca {{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|iː|k|ə}}; from the Latin caecus meaning blind) is an intraperitoneal pouch that is considered to be the beginning of the large intestine. It is typically located on the right side of the body (the same side of the body as the appendix, to which it is joined).

It receives chyme from the ileum, and connects to the ascending colon of the large intestine. It is separated from the ileum by the ileocecal valve (ICV) or Bauhin's valve. It is also separated from the colon by the cecocolic junction. While the cecum is usually intraperitoneal, the ascending colon is retroperitoneal.^[1]

In herbivores, the cecum stores food material where bacteria are able to break down the cellulose. This function no longer occurs in the human cecum (see appendix), so in humans it is simply a dead-end pouch forming a part of the large intestine.

Structure

Development

The cecum and appendix are formed by the enlargement of the postarterial segment of the midgut loop. The proximal part of the bud grows rapidly to form the cecum. The lateral wall of the cecum grows much more rapidly than the medial wall, with the result that the point of attachment of the appendix comes to lie on the medial side.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

History

Etymology

The term cecum comes from the Latin (intestinum) caecum, literally "blind intestine", here in the sense "blind gut" or "cul de sac".{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}. It is a direct translation from Ancient Greek τυφλὸν (ἔντερον) - typhlòn (énteron). Thus the inflammation of the cecum is called typhlitis.

In dissections by the Greek philosophers, the connection between the ileum of the small intestines and the cecum was not fully understood. Most of the studies of the digestive tract were done on animals and the results were compared to human structures.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

The junction between the small intestine and the colon, called the ileocecal valve, is so small in some animals that it was not considered to be a connection between the small and large intestines. During a dissection, the colon could be traced from the rectum, to the sigmoid colon, through the descending, transverse, and ascending sections. The cecum is an end point for the colon with a dead-end portion terminating with the appendix.^[3]

The connection between the end of the small intestine (ileum) and the start (as viewed from the perspective of food being processed) of the colon (cecum) is now clearly understood, and is called the ileocolic orifice. The connection between the end of the cecum and the beginning of the ascending colon is called the cecocolic orifice.

Clinical significance

A cecal carcinoid tumor is a carcinoid tumor of the cecum. An appendiceal carcinoid tumor (a carcinoid tumor of the appendix) is sometimes found next to a cecal carcinoid.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}}

Neutropenic enterocolitis (typhlitis) is the condition of inflammation of the cecum, primarily caused by bacterial infections.

Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut are anaerobes, but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.^[4]

In animals

A cecum is present in most amniote species, and also in lungfish, but not in any living species of amphibian. In reptiles, it is usually a single median structure, arising from the dorsal side of the large intestine. Birds typically have two paired ceca, as, unlike other mammals, do hyraxes.^[5] Parrots do not have ceca.^[6]

Most mammalian herbivores have a relatively large cecum, hosting a large number of bacteria, which aid in the enzymatic breakdown of plant materials such as cellulose; in many species, it is considerably wider than the colon. In contrast, obligatory carnivores, whose diets contain little or no plant material, have a reduced cecum, which is often partially or wholly replaced by the appendix.^[5] Mammalian species which do not develop a cecum include raccoons, bears, and the red panda. Over 99% of the bacteria in the gut flora are anaerobes,^[7]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11] but in the cecum, aerobic bacteria reach high densities.^[7]

Many fish have a number of small outpocketings, called pyloric ceca, along their intestine; despite the name they are not homologous with the cecum of amniotes, and their purpose is to increase the overall area of the digestive epithelium.^[5] Some invertebrates, such as squid,^[12] may also have structures with the same name, but these have no relationship with those of vertebrates.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://download.videohelp.com/vitualis/med/large_intestine.htm|title=The Large Intestine|publisher=VideoHelp.com}}
2. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Nguyen H, Loustaunau C, Facista A, Ramsey L, Hassounah N, Taylor H, Krouse R, Payne CM, Tsikitis VL, Goldschmid S, Banerjee B, Perini RF, Bernstein C |title=Deficient Pms2, ERCC1, Ku86, CcOI in field defects during progression to colon cancer |journal=J Vis Exp |volume= |issue=41 |pages= |year=2010 |pmid=20689513 |pmc=3149991 |doi=10.3791/1931 |url=}}
3. ^{{cite web|last1=Taylor|first1=Tim|title=Anatomy and Physiology Instructor|url=http://www.innerbody.com/image/dige08.html|website=InnerBody.com|publisher=Howtomedia, Inc.|accessdate=28 November 2014}}
4. ^{{cite book|last2 = Willey|first2 = Joanne|last1 = Sherwood|first1 = Linda|last3 = Woolverton|first3 = Christopher|title = Prescott's Microbiology|url = {{google books |plainurl=y |id=sBCSRAAACAAJ}}|year = 2013|isbn = 9780073402406|publisher = McGraw Hill|location = New York|edition = 9th|pages = 713–21|oclc = 886600661}}
5. ^¹²{{cite book |author=Romer, Alfred Sherwood|author2=Parsons, Thomas S.|year=1977 |title=The Vertebrate Body |publisher=Holt-Saunders International |location= Philadelphia, PA|pages= 353–54|isbn= 0-03-910284-X}}
6. ^{{cite book |author=Clench, Mary H.|author2=Mathias, John R.|year=1995 |title=The Avian Cecum: A Review |publisher=Wilson Bulletin |location= Ann Arbor, MI|pages= 93–121, vol. 107(1) March}}
7. ^¹{{cite journal |author=Guarner F, Malagelada JR |title=Gut flora in health and disease |journal=Lancet |volume=361 |issue=9356 |pages=512–19 |date=February 2003 |pmid=12583961 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12489-0 |url=}}
8. ^{{cite journal |author=Sears CL |title=A dynamic partnership: celebrating our gut flora |journal=Anaerobe |volume=11 |issue=5 |pages=247–51 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16701579 |doi=10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.05.001 |url=}}
9. ^University of Glasgow. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20040526195616/http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/humannutrition/students/resources/meden/Infection.pdf The normal gut flora.] Available through web archive. Accessed May 22, 2008
10. ^{{cite journal |author=Beaugerie L, Petit JC |title=Microbial-gut interactions in health and disease. Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea |journal=Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=337–52 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15123074 |doi=10.1016/j.bpg.2003.10.002 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1521691803001276}}
11. ^{{cite journal |author=Vedantam G, Hecht DW |title=Antibiotics and anaerobes of gut origin |journal=Curr. Opin. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=5 |pages=457–61 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14572537 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369527403001176 |doi=10.1016/j.mib.2003.09.006}}
12. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Williams | first1 = L. W. | publisher = American Museum Of Natural History| title = The anatomy of the common squid : Loligo pealii, Lesueur | year = 1910}}