“Effects of global warming on South Asia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Several effects of global warming, including steady sea level rise, increased cyclonic activity, and changes in ambient temperature and precipitation patterns, have affected or are projected to affect the subcontinent.

As per the IPCC, depending upon the scenario visualised, the projected global average surface warming will result in temperature increases worldwide at the end of the 21st Century relative to the end of the 20th Century ranges from 0.6 to 4 °C.^[1]

Regarding local temperature rises, the IPCC figure projected for the mean annual increase in temperature by the end of the century in South Asia is 3.3 °C with the min-max range as 2.7 – 4.7 °C. The mean value for Tibet would be higher with mean increase of 3.8 °C and min-max figures of 2.6 and 6.1 °C respectively which implies harsher warming conditions for the Himalayan watersheds.^[2]

Rise in sea level

The {{clarify|date=October 2017 |reason=needs context |text=corresponding sea level rise at the end of the 21st Century relative to the end of the 20th Century ranges from 0.18 to 0.59 m (excluding any rapid dynamical changes in ice flows in the future)}}^[1]. More recent analysis of a number of semi empirical models predict a sea level rise of about 1 metre by the year 2100.

Ongoing sea level rises have already submerged several low-lying islands in the Sundarbans, displacing thousands of people.^[4] Temperature rises on the Tibetan Plateau, which are causing Himalayan glaciers to retreat. It has been predicted that the historical city of Thatta and Badin, in Sindh, Pakistan would have been swallowed by the sea by 2025, as the sea is already encroaching 80 acres of land here, every day.

Observed changes in the natural and human environment

Environmental

Increased landslides and flooding are projected to have an impact upon states such as Assam.^[6] Ecological disasters, such as a 1998 coral bleaching event that killed off more than 70% of corals in the reef ecosystems off Lakshadweep and the Andamans, and was brought on by elevated ocean temperatures tied to global warming, are also projected to become increasingly common.^[7]^[8]^[9]

The first among the countries to be affected by severe climate change is Bangladesh. Its sea level, temperature and evaporation are increasing, and the changes in precipitation and cross boundary river flows are already beginning to cause drainage congestion. There is a reduction in fresh water availability, disturbance of morphologic processes and a higher intensity of flooding and other such disasters. Bangladesh only contributes 0.1% of the world’s emissions yet it has 2.4% of the world’s population. In contrast, the United States makes up about 5 percent of the world's population, yet they produce approximately 25 percent of the pollution that causes global warming.^[10]

Economic

India has the world's highest social cost of carbon.^[11] The Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research has reported that, if the predictions relating to global warming made by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change come to fruition, climate-related factors could cause India's GDP to decline by up to 9%; contributing to this would be shifting growing seasons for major crops such as rice, production of which could fall by 40%. Around seven million people are projected to be displaced due to, among other factors, submersion of parts of Mumbai and Chennai, if global temperatures were to rise by a mere 2 °C (3.6 °F).^[12]

Villagers in India's North Eastern state of Meghalaya are also concerned that rising sea levels will submerge neighbouring low-lying Bangladesh, resulting in an influx of refugees into Meghalaya{{Citation needed|date=December 2007}}—which has few resources to handle such a situation.

If severe climate changes occur, Bangladesh will lose land along the coast line.^[13] This will be highly damaging to Bangladeshis especially because nearly two-thirds of Bangladeshis are employed in the agriculture sector, with rice as the single most important product.{{citation needed|date=January 2019}}^[14] {{Failed verification|date=January 2019}} If no further steps are taken to improve the current conditions global warming will affect the economy severely worsening the present issues further.{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}}. The climate change would increase expenditure towards health care, cool drinks, alcoholic beverages, air conditioners, ice cream, cosmetics, agricultural chemicals, and other products.^[15]

Social

Climate Change in India and Pakistan will have a disproportionate impact on the more than 400 million that make up India's poor. This is because so many depend on natural resources for their food, shelter and income. More than 56% of people in India work in agriculture, while in Pakistan 43℅ of its population work in agriculture while many others earn their living in coastal areas.^[16]

Pollution

Thick haze and smoke, originating from burning biomass in northeastern India^[17] and air pollution from large industrial cities in northern India,^[18] often concentrate inside the Ganges Basin. Prevailing westerlies carry aerosols along the southern margins of the steep-faced Tibetan Plateau to eastern India and the Bay of Bengal. Dust and black carbon, which are blown towards higher altitudes by winds at the southern faces of the Himalayas, can absorb shortwave radiation and heat the air over the Tibetan Plateau. The net atmospheric heating due to aerosol absorption causes the air to warm and convect upwards, increasing the concentration of moisture in the mid-troposphere and providing positive feedback that stimulates further heating of aerosols.^[18]

Pollution of mercury in India is shocking. The environment is being packed with approximately 70 tonnes of mercury per year by existing mercury-cell plants. One gram of mercury is sufficient to pollute a lake of surface area of around 20 acres that would harm the fish which as a result would be dangerous to consume.^[19]

Awareness

Indian and Pakistani media can contribute to increased awareness of climate change and related issues. A qualitative analysis of some mainstream Indian newspapers (particularly opinion and editorial pieces) during the release of the IPCC 4th Assessment Report and during the Nobel Peace Prize win by Al Gore and the IPCC found that Indian media strongly pursue the frame of scientific certainty in their coverage of climate change. This is in contrast to the scepticism displayed by American newspapers at the time. Alongside, Indian media highlight frames of energy challenge, social progress, public accountability and looming disaster. This sort of coverage finds parallels in European media narratives as well and helps build a transnational, globalised discourse on climate change.^[20] Another study has found that the media in India are divided along the lines of a north-south, risk-responsibility discourse.^[21] However, much more research is required to analyse Indian media's role in shaping public perceptions on climate change.

Tribal people in India's remote northeast plan to ^[22] honour former U.S. Vice President Al Gore with an award for promoting awareness on climate change that they say will have a devastating impact on their homeland.

Meghalaya- meaning 'Abode of the Clouds' in Hindi—is home to the towns of Cherrapunji and Mawsynram, which are credited with being the wettest places in the world due to their high rainfall. But scientists state that global climate change is causing these areas to experience an increasingly sparse and erratic rainfall pattern and a lengthened dry season,^[23] affecting the livelihoods of thousands of villagers who cultivate paddy and maize. Some areas are also facing water shortages.

People are becoming aware of ills of global warming. Taking initiative on their own people from Sangamner, Maharashtra (near Shirdi) have started a campaign of planting trees known as Dandakaranya- The Green Movement. It was started by visionary & ace freedom fighter the late Shri Bhausaheb Thorat in the year 2005. To date, they have sowed more than 12 million seeds & planted half a million plants.

According to data from 2009 India is the world's third biggest emitter of CO2 after China and the United States – pushing Russia into fourth place.^[24]

See also

References

1. ^¹IPCC, 2007: Summary for Policymakers. In: Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M.Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. (Hereafter abbreviated to IPCC AR4 – WG1 – SPM) Table SPM-3, page 13.
2. ^Christensen, J.H., B. Hewitson, A. Busuioc, A. Chen, X. Gao, I. Held, R. Jones, R.K. Kolli, W.-T. Kwon, R. Laprise, V. Magaña Rueda, L. Mearns, C.G. Menéndez, J. Räisänen, A. Rinke, A. Sarr and P. Whetton, 2007: Regional Climate Projections. In: Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. (Hereafter abbreviated to IPCC AR4 – WG1 – chapter11) Table 11.1, page 855.
3. ^{{Cite journal| last = Rahmstorf, Perrette, Vermeer| title = Testing the robustness of semi-empirical sea level projections| journal = Climate Dynamics| volume = 39| issue = 3–4| pages = 861–875| doi = 10.1007/s00382-011-1226-7| year = 2012}}
4. ^{{cite news |work=BBC News |title=How climate change hits India's poor |last=Harrabin |first=Roger |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/6319921.stm|date=1 February 2007 |accessdate=2007-03-10}}
5. ^{{Cite web| last = Khan| first = Sami| title = Effects of Climate Change on Thatta and Badin| work = Envirocivil.com| accessdate = 2013-10-27| date = 2012-01-25| url = http://envirocivil.com/climate/effects-of-climate-change-on-thatta-and-badin/}}
6. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/india/27885314_1_himalayan-glaciers-yarlung-tsangpo-qinghai-tibet-plateau|title=Warmer Tibet can see Brahmaputra flood Assam |work=Times of India |last=Dasgupta |first=Saibal|date=3 February 2007 |accessdate=2007-03-18| publisher = Times Internet Limited}}
7. ^{{cite web|vauthors=Aggarwal D, Lal M |title=Vulnerability of the Indian coastline to sea level rise |work=SURVAS (Flood Hazard Research Centre) |url=http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3dikshas.pdf |publisher=Middlesex University |accessdate=2007-04-05 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701042024/http://www.survas.mdx.ac.uk/pdfs/3dikshas.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-01 |df= }}
8. ^{{cite journal |author=Normile D |title=Some coral bouncing back from El Niño|journal=Science |date=May 2000 |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=941–942|url=http://www.scienceonline.org/cgi/content/summary/288/5468/941a |accessdate=2007-04-05|doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.941a |pmid=10841705}}
9. ^{{cite web |title=Early Warning Signs: Coral Reef Bleaching |work=Union of Concerned Scientists |url=http://www.ucsusa.org/global_warming/science/early-warning-signs-of-global-warming-coral-reef-bleaching.html|year=2005 |accessdate=2007-04-05}}
10. ^"Bangladesh." MERIC. 18 Oct 2008. 18 Oct. 2008. <{{cite web |url=http://www.ded.mo.gov/researchandplanning/indicators/international/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-11-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501162018/http://www.ded.mo.gov/researchandplanning/indicators/international/ |archivedate=2009-05-01 |df= }} cty5380.stm>.
11. ^{{cite news |title=New study finds incredibly high carbon pollution costs – especially for the US and India |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/climate-consensus-97-per-cent/2018/oct/01/new-study-finds-incredibly-high-carbon-pollution-costs-especially-for-the-us-and-india |work=The Guardian |date=1 October 2018}}
12. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/india/27877261_1_climate-change-global-warming-gdp-growth|title=Global warming: Mumbai to face the heat |work=Times of India |last=Sethi |first=Nitin |date=3 February 2007 |accessdate=2007-03-18}}
13. ^{{cite web |last=Ahmed | first=Ahsan |author2=Koudstall, Rob |author3=Werners, Saskia | title='Key Risks.' Considering Adaptation to Climate Change Towards a Sustainable Development of Bangladesh |url=http://www.mungo.nl/CC_Bangla.htm | date=2006-10-08 | website= | publisher= | accessdate=2008-10-18}}{{Unreliable source?|date=October 2008}}
14. ^{{cite news |title=Climate change: The big emitters |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3143798.stm |work=BBC News|publisher= |date=4 July 2005 |accessdate=18 October 2008 }}
15. ^Ramesha Chandrappa, Sushil Gupta, Umesh Chandra Kulshrestha, Climate Change: Principles and Asian Context, Springer-Verlag, 2011
16. ^{{cite web|author=UNDP|title=India and Climate Change Impacts|url=http://www.undp.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=297&Itemid=466}}
17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Badarinath KV, Chand TR, Prasad VK |title=Agriculture crop residue burning in the Indo-Gangetic Plains—A study using IRS-P6 AWiFS satellite data |journal=Current Science |year=2006 |volume=91 |issue=8 |pages=1085–1089 |url=http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/oct252006/1085.pdf |accessdate=2007-04-16}}
18. ^¹{{cite web |url=http://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov/viewImage.php?id=110 |title=Aerosols may cause anomalies in the Indian monsoon |accessdate=2007-04-17 |last=Lau |first=WKM |date=February 20, 2005 |format=php |work=The Climate and Radiation Branch at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center |publisher=NASA |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001123642/http://climate.gsfc.nasa.gov/viewImage.php?id=110 |archivedate=October 1, 2006 |df= }}
19. ^{{Cite journal|last=Jana|first=Jaydev|date=2003|title=Mercury Pollution|journal=Economic and Political Weekly|volume=38|issue=33|pages=3434–3512|jstor=4413893}}
20. ^{{cite journal |author=Mittal, Radhika |title=Climate Change Coverage in Indian Print Media: A Discourse Analysis |journal=The International Journal of Climate Change: Impacts and Responses |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=219–230 |year=2012 |hdl=1959.14/181298 }}
21. ^{{cite journal |author=Billett, Simon |title=Dividing climate change: global warming in the Indian mass media |journal=Climatic Change |volume=99 |issue=1–2 |pages=1–16 |year=2010 |doi=10.1007/s10584-009-9605-3 }}
22. ^{{cite news|work=Reuters|last=Das|first=Biswajyoti|title=India tribe to honour Gore on global warming|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKDEL25679620070829|accessdate=2007-09-08 | date=2007-08-29}}
23. ^{{cite web |author=Kharmujai RR |title=Wet Desert Of India Drying Out |date=3 March 2007 |url=http://www.terradaily.com/reports/Wet_Desert_Of_India_Drying_Out_999.html |accessdate=2007-12-01 }}
24. ^[https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2 World carbon dioxide emissions data by country: China speeds ahead of the rest] Guardian 31 January 2011

Projected effects