| 词条 | Egon Mayer |
| 释义 |
|name= Egon Mayer |birth_date={{Birth date|1917|8|19|df=y}} |death_date={{death date and age|1944|3|2|1917|8|19|df=y}} |birth_place=Konstanz, Germany |death_place=near Montmédy, France |placeofburial=Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery, Lisieux, Normandy |image=Egon Mayer.jpg |caption= |nickname= |allegiance= {{flag|Nazi Germany}} |branch={{Luftwaffe}} |serviceyears=1937–44 |rank=Oberstleutnant (lientenat colonel) |commands=7./JG 2, III./JG 2, JG 2 |unit= |battles={{hidden |See battles |World War II
|- |headerstyle=background:#dbdbdb |style=text-align:center; }} |awards=Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords }} Egon Mayer (19 August 1917 – 2 March 1944) was a Luftwaffe wing commander and fighter ace of Nazi Germany during World War II. He was credited with 102 enemy aircraft shot down in over 353 combat missions. His victories were all claimed over the Western Front and included 26 four-engine bombers, 51 Supermarine Spitfires and 12 P-47 Thunderbolts. Mayer was the first fighter pilot to score 100 victories entirely on the Western Front. Born in Konstanz, Mayer, volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe of Nazi Germany in 1937. Following flight training he was posted to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) in 1939. He fought in the Battle of France and claimed his first aerial victory in that campaign on 13 June 1940. Mayer was appointed squadron leader of the 7. Staffel (7th squadron) of JG 2 in June 1941. Two months later, following his 21st aerial victory, he received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross on 1 August 1941. He claimed 16 further victories and was awarded the German Cross in Gold on 16 July 1942. In November 1942, Mayer was appointed commander of the III. Gruppe (3rd group) of JG 2. Mayer claimed his first victories over United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) four-engine bombers when he shot down two B-17 Flying Fortresses and a B-24 Liberator on 23 November 1942. Together with fellow fighter ace Georg-Peter Eder, Mayer developed the head-on attack as the most effective tactic against the Allied daylight heavy combat box bomber formations. He received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves on 16 April 1943 after 63 victories. On 1 July 1943, he replaced Walter Oesau as commander of JG 2. He claimed his 90th victory on 31 December 1943 and on 5 February 1944 became the first pilot on the Channel Front to reach 100 victories. Mayer was killed in action on 2 March 1944 while leading an attack on a USAAF bomber formation; he was shot down by P-47 Thunderbolt escort fighters near Montmédy, France. He was posthumously awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords. Early life and careerMayer, the son of a farmer, was born on 19 August 1917 in Konstanz at the Bodensee. Konstanz at the time was in the Grand Duchy of Baden of the German Empire. Mayer grew up on his parents' farm named Hauserhof and spent his spare time at the glider airfield at the Bellenberg near Engen. He went to school at the Langemarck-Realgymnasium—a secondary school built on the mid-level Realschule to achieve the Abitur (university entry qualification)—in Singen. Today, the Langemarck-Realgymnasium, which had been named after the location of the World War I Battle of Langemarck, is the Hegau-Gymnasium.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} Following his graduation, Mayer volunteered for military service in the Luftwaffe on 1 November 1937.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} His military training began at the 2nd Air Warfare School (Luftkriegsschule 2) at Gatow, on the southwestern outskirts of Berlin.{{refn|Flight training in the Luftwaffe progressed through the levels A1, A2 and B1, B2, referred to as A/B flight training. A training included theoretical and practical training in aerobatics, navigation, long-distance flights and dead-stick landings. The B courses included high-altitude flights, instrument flights, night landings and training to handle the aircraft in difficult situations.{{sfn|Bergström|Antipov|Sundin|2003|p=17}}|group="Note"}} He was then trained as a fighter pilot and promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 August 1939.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} World War IIWorld War II in Europe began on Friday, 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. Mayer received the Iron Cross 2nd Class ({{Lang|de|Eisernes Kreuz 2. Klasse}}) on 25 October 1939 and was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing), named after the after World War I fighter ace Manfred von Richthofen, on 6 December 1939.[1] For his entire combat career, with the exception of a brief posting to the fighter pilot school at Werneuchen, Mayer served in JG 2 "Richthofen". He claimed his first aerial victory on 13 June 1940 during the Battle of France, shooting down a Morane-Saulnier M.S.406 belonging to the French Air Force (Armée de l'Air).{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} In the Battle of Britain, Mayer often flew over the English Channel as the wingman of Helmut Wick. He claimed three further victories in this campaign, all over Royal Air Force (RAF) Supermarine Spitfires, but was himself shot down or forced to land at the French Coast. Once he had to swim in the Channel for an hour before he was rescued. At the end of 1940 Mayer had four victories to his credit and JG 2 "Richthofen" was withdrawn from combat to replenish the heavy losses it had sustained. Following a short tour as fighter pilot instructor at the Jagdfliegerschule (fighter pilot school) in Werneuchen, Mayer was sent back to the Channel Front.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} On 10 June 1941, Oberleutnant (First Lieutenant) Mayer was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 7. Staffel (7th squadron) of JG 2 "Richthofen", based at Saint-Pol-Brias. He claimed his 19th and 20th victory on 23 July 1941 and was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes}}) on 1 August 1941 after his 21st aerial victory.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} He received the award with fellow JG 2 "Richthofen" pilots Oberleutnant Erich Leie and Oberleutnant Rudolf Pflanz on that day. The triple award presentation was recorded by the Deutsche Wochenschau (German Weekly Review), a newsreel series released in the cinemas.{{sfn|Weal|2000|pp=78–79}} His score had increased to 28 aerial victories by the end of 1941.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} Mayer received the German Cross in Gold ({{Lang|de|Deutsches Kreuz in Gold}}) on 16 July 1942. On 19 August, his 25th birthday, Mayer shot down two Spitfires over Dieppe during Operation Jubilee, his 49th and 50th victory.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=124}} Group commanderMayer was promoted to Hauptmann (captain) and was appointed Gruppenkommandeur (group commander) of III. Gruppe of JG 2 "Richthofen" in November 1942.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=125}} On 23 November, Mayer claimed his first victories over United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) four-engined bombers, when he shot down two B-17 Flying Fortresses and a B-24 Liberator. Together with Georg-Peter Eder, Mayer developed the head-on attack as the most effective tactic against the Allied daylight heavy combat box bomber formations.{{sfn|Berger|1999|p=215}} The concept was based on a Kette (chain), three aircraft flying in a "V" formation, attacking from ahead and to the left. When in range, the attackers opened fire with a deflection burst, aiming in front of the enemy aircraft. Following the attack, the pilots would pull up sharply to the left or right. This gave the attacking fighters the best chance of avoiding the massed firepower of the bombers' guns.{{sfn|Forsyth|2011|p=13}} On 14 February 1943, Mayer shot down three RAF Hawker Typhoons, claiming his 60th to 62nd victories. Following his 63rd victory he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub}}) on 16 April 1943, the 232nd officer or soldier of the Wehrmacht so honored. The presentation was made by Adolf Hitler in his office at the Reich Chancellery in Berlin on 11 May 1943. Mayer was then promoted to Major (major) on 1 June 1943.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=126}} In June 1943, Mayer encountered Robert S. Johnson, a future ace from the 56th Fighter Group of the US Eighth Air Force. Johnson's P-47 Thunderbolt had been badly shot-up by some Focke-Wulf Fw 190 On 22 June 1943, a flight led by Mayer encountered an RAF Spitfire unit. During the course of the engagement, he claimed one Spitfire shot down and damage to another. He shot down three USAAF P-47s on 26 June 1943.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=126}} Wing commander and deathMayer was appointed Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) of JG 2 "Richthofen" on 1 July 1943, thus succeeding Oberst (Colonel) Walter Oesau. Command of III. Gruppe was passed on to the Staffelkapitän of 8. Staffel, Hauptmann Bruno Stolle.{{sfn|Weal|2000|p=101}} He claimed three B-17s shot down within 19 minutes on 6 September. The Eighth Air Force was targeting Stuttgart that day and lost 45 aircraft.{{sfn|Weal|2000|p=102}} On 1 December 1943, Mayer shot down three P-47 Thunderbolts. His claimed aerial victories increased to 90 on 30 December 1943.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=126}} Mayer was credited with four victories on 7 January 1944, three B-24s and one B-17 shot down in the vicinity of Orléans.{{sfn|Weal|2012|p=53}} On 4 February 1944 he claimed his 100th victory, the first fighter pilot on the Channel Front to achieve this mark.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=126}} Mayer's final score stood at 102 when he was shot down and killed in action by a P-47 Thunderbolt near Montmédy on 2 March 1944. Flying Focke-Wulf Fw 190 A-6 (factory number 470468), Mayer had led his Stabsschwarm (headquarters unit) and elements of III. Gruppe, 14 Fw 190s in total, in an attack on B-17s in the area of Sedan, but failed to detect the fighter escort of 29 P-47s {{Convert|5000|ft|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} above. His aircraft was seen taking hits at a range of {{Convert|400|yd|m|abbr=off|sp=us}} in the nose and cockpit. It made a violent snap roll and went into a vertical dive, crashing within {{Convert|1.5|mi|km|abbr=off|sp=us}} of Montmédy.{{sfn|Weal|2000|p=106}} He was posthumously decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords ({{lang|de|Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern}}) that day.{{sfn|Obermaier|1989|p=35}} Recent research by historian Norman Fortier suggests that Mayer was shot down by Lieutenant Walter Gresham of the 358th Fighter Squadron of the 355th Fighter Wing. The claim is based on gun camera footage and recollections of Mayer's wingman, who was forced to bail out during the action.{{sfn|Fortier|2003|p=122}} Mayer was buried at the cemetery of Beaumont-le-Roger, France, and in 1955 re-interred at Saint-Désir-de-Lisieux German war cemetery near Lisieux, Normandy, France.{{sfn|Stockert|1997|p=127}} Summary of careerAerial victory claimsMatthews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 102 aerial victory claims, plus five further unconfirmed claims. All of his victories were claimed on the Western Front and include 27 four-engined bombers.{{sfn|Matthews|Foreman|2015|pp=821–823}} Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 14 West 3853". The Luftwaffe grid map ({{lang|de|Jägermeldenetz}}) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about {{Convert|360|sqmi|sqkm}}. These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 × 4 km in size.{{sfn|Planquadrat}} Awards
Notes1. ^For an explanation of Luftwaffe unit designations see Organization of the Luftwaffe during World War II. ReferencesCitations{{Reflist|25em}}Bibliography{{Refbegin|30em}}
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|last=Scherzer |first=Veit |year=2007 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945 Die Inhaber des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939 von Heer, Luftwaffe, Kriegsmarine, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm sowie mit Deutschland verbündeter Streitkräfte nach den Unterlagen des Bundesarchives |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945 The Holders of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939 by Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen-SS, Volkssturm and Allied Forces with Germany According to the Documents of the Federal Archives |language=German |location=Jena, Germany |publisher=Scherzers Militaer-Verlag |isbn=978-3-938845-17-2 |ref=harv }}
|last=Stockert |first=Peter |year=1997 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 3 |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 3 |language=German |location=Bad Friedrichshall, Germany |publisher=Friedrichshaller Rundblick |isbn=978-3-932915-01-7 |ref=harv }}
|last=Thomas |first=Franz |year=1998 |title=Die Eichenlaubträger 1939–1945 Band 2: L–Z |trans-title=The Oak Leaves Bearers 1939–1945 Volume 2: L–Z |language=German |location=Osnabrück, Germany |publisher=Biblio-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7648-2300-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Von Seemen |first=Gerhard |year=1976 |title=Die Ritterkreuzträger 1939–1945: die Ritterkreuzträger sämtlicher Wehrmachtteile, Brillanten-, Schwerter- und Eichenlaubträger in der Reihenfolge der Verleihung : Anhang mit Verleihungsbestimmungen und weiteren Angaben |trans-title=The Knight's Cross Bearers 1939–1945: The Knight's Cross Bearers of All the Armed Services, Diamonds, Swords and Oak Leaves Bearers in the Order of Presentation: Appendix with Further Information and Presentation Requirements |language=German |location=Friedberg, Germany |publisher=Podzun-Verlag |isbn=978-3-7909-0051-4 |ref=harv }}
|last=Weal |first=John |year=2000 |title=Jagdgeschwader 2 'Richthofen' |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-84176-046-9 |ref=harv }}
|last=Weal |first=John |year=2012 |title=Fw 190 Defence of the Reich Aces |location=Oxford, UK |publisher=Osprey Publishing |isbn=978-1-78200-511-7 |ref=harv }}{{Refend}}{{s-start}}{{s-mil}}{{succession box| before=Major Walter Oesau| after=Major Kurt Ubben| title=Commander of Jagdgeschwader 2 Richthofen| years=1 July 1943 – 2 March 1944 }}{{s-end}}{{Top German World War II Aces}}{{Subject bar | portal1=Aviation | portal2=Biography | portal3=Military of Germany | portal4=World War II }}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mayer, Egon}} 10 : 1917 births|1944 deaths|Luftwaffe pilots|People from Konstanz|Aviators killed by being shot down|German World War II flying aces|German military personnel killed in World War II|Recipients of the Gold German Cross|Recipients of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords|People from the Grand Duchy of Baden |
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