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词条 Cello (web browser)
释义

  1. Development and history

  2. Usage

  3. Features

  4. Release history

  5. Browser Comparison Table

  6. Derivatives

  7. Technical

     DDE support 

  8. System requirements

  9. Criticism

  10. See also

  11. Annotations

  12. References

  13. Bibliography

  14. Further reading

  15. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}{{Infobox web browser
| name = Cello WWW Browser
| logo = Cello icon.gif
| screenshot = Cello main page.png
| caption = An Internet browser from the Cornell Legal Information Institute.
| author = Thomas R. Bruce
| developer = Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School
| released = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1993|06|08}}[1]
| discontinued = yes
| latest release version = 1.01a
| latest release date = {{Start date and age|df=yes|1994|04|16}}
| programming language = C++,[2] makes "heavy use of Borland Object Windows libraries"[3]
| operating system = Windows 3.1 / 3.11, OS/2,[4] Windows NT 3.5[5][6]
| language = English
| size = 325 kb
| status = Discontinued
| genre = Web browser
| license = Shareware/Proprietary
| website = {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204115016/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/ |date=4 February 2005 |title=www.law.cornell.edu/cello/ }}
}}Cello is an early discontinued graphical web browser for Windows 3.1, developed by Thomas R. Bruce of the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School. It was released as shareware in 1993.[5][6] While other browsers ran on various Unix machines, Cello was the first web browser for Microsoft Windows, using the winsock system to access the Internet.[7][8][9][10][11][12] In addition to the basic Windows, Cello worked on Windows NT 3.5[13][14] and with small modifications on OS/2.[15][18]

Cello was created because of a demand for Web access by lawyers, who were more likely to use Microsoft Windows than the Unix operating systems supporting earlier Web browsers, including the first release of Mosaic. The lack of a Windows browser meant many legal experts were unable to access legal information made available in hypertext on the World Wide Web.[7][16] Cello was popular during 1993/1994, but fell out of favor following the release of Mosaic for Windows and Netscape, after which Cello development was abandoned.[17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24]

Cello was first publicly released on 8 June 1993.[1] A version 2.0 was announced, but development was abandoned. Version 1.01a, 16 April 1994, was the last public release.[25][26] Since then, the Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School has licensed the Cello 2.0 source code, which has been used to develop commercial software.[26][27][28]

The browser is no longer available from its original homepage.[29] However, it can still be downloaded from mirror sites.[30]

Development and history

The development of Cello started in 1992, with beta versions planned for June 1993 and a release for July 1993.[31][32][33] It was publicly announced on 12 April 1993.[34]

The Legal Information Institute at Cornell Law School created the first law site on the

Internet in 1992 and the first legal website in 1993. However, at the time, there were no web browsers for the Microsoft Windows operating system, which was used by most lawyers. Thus, to allow lawyers to use their website, the Legal Information Institute developed the first Windows-based Web browser.[35][36][37] This was made possible by a grant from the National Center for Automated Information Research.[38]

Although other browsers at the time were based on CERN's WWW libraries called libwww, PCs of the time were not powerful enough to run the UNIX-oriented code.[33] As a result, Thomas Bruce had to rewrite most of the WWW libraries to work on Microsoft Windows.[33] Unlike most commercial browsers at that time, Cello used none of Mosaic's source code and thus had a different look and feel.[39][40]

Steven Sinofsky, president of the Windows division at Microsoft wrote in a June 1994 email: We do not currently plan on any other client software [in the upcoming release of Windows 95], especially something like Mosaic or Cello.[41][42][43][44] Nevertheless, on 11 January 1995, Microsoft announced that it had licensed the Mosaic technology from Spyglass, which it would use to create Internet Explorer.[44] On 15 August 1995, Microsoft debuted its own web browser Internet Explorer 1 for Windows 95. While it did not ship with the original release of Windows 95, it shipped with Microsoft Plus! for Windows 95.

Usage

When released in 1993, Cello was the only browser for the Microsoft Windows platform. Shortly after launch, Cello was being downloaded at a rate of 500 copies per day.[45] As such, it achieved a fair amount of use and recognition within the legal community, including a number of PC users with between 150,000 and 200,000 users.[33] In 1994, most websites were visited using either the Cello browser or the Mosaic browser.[46] Despite having fewer features than Mosaic, Cello continued to be used due to its simpler interface and lower system requirements.[47] Cello was praised for being easy to install, because it wasn't necessary to install Win32s or a TCP/IP stack for Windows 3.1.[48] Following the release of Windows 95, which offered a much better TCP/IP interface, Cello fell into disuse and was abandoned.[46][49]

By 1995, Cello, like the Mosaic browser, was overshadowed by two newer browsers: Netscape and Internet Explorer and fell into disuse.[50][51] By 1999, Cello was considered to be a "historical" browser.[52][53]

Cello is considered to be one of the early casualties of the Browser wars.[54]

Features

Cello had the following features:[55]

{{columns-list|colwidth=30em|
  • inline graphics support: GIF, XBM, PCX, and BMP.[56][57]
  • PostScript viewing and sound playing
  • File saving and printing.[56]
  • Editing support for local files via an external editor. Integration with the HTMLAssistant Windows-based HTML helper/editor.[56]
  • File caching ad infinitum using a file-based cache with user-specified "low water mark".[56]
  • DDE and OLE drag-and-drop support. Cello can be invoked and controlled through the use of DDE macros in other programs. URL arguments on the command line are also supported.[56]
  • "Peek mode", permitting partial retrieval of files of large or unknown size.[56]
  • Local file mode for HTML delivery on standalone machines or machines with LAN connections only.[56]
  • Support for HTML "mailto:" scheme[56] with integrated email sending client.[58]
  • Support for the full HTML+ ISO-LATIN character set, including specialized legal symbols, foreign characters, etc.[56]
  • User-selectable sound players, viewers, editor, and Telnet and TN3270 clients.[56]
  • Comprehensive online documentation in Windows Help format.[56]
  • Simple user interface.[56]
  • Fully extensible support for viewing downloaded files in an unlimited number of PC-binary file formats using the standard Windows Associate... scheme.[56]
  • Bookmarks[59]
  • Local browsing[60]
  • Simpler interface (compared to Mosaic)[61]

}}

Unlike Mosaic, Cello did not have toolbar buttons, and instead commands were accessed through pull-down menus.[39]

Supported Protocols

Cello supported the following protocols: HTTP 1.0, Gopher (not Gopher+), read-only FTP,[62] SMTP mailing, Telnet,[87] Usenet,[63] CSO/ph/qi directly[64] and WAIS, HyTelnet, TechInfo, Archie, X.500, TN3270 and a number of others through public gateways.[6][45][57][65][66][67]

Supported FTP servers

Cello supported the following FTP servers: most Unix servers(including SunOS, System V, and Linux),IBM VM, IBM VM, VMS systems, Windows NT, QVTNet, NCSA/CUTCP/Rutgers PC servers,FTP Software PC server, HellSoft NLM for Novell.[56][62]

Internet Connection

Cello works best with a direct Ethernet connection, but it also supports SLIP and PPP dialup connections through the use of asynchronous sockets.[6] Cello has an integrated TCP/IP runtime stack.[48]

Release history

The following versions were released:[1]

16-bit Cello Releases
Version Date Development cycle Size (in kb) Download Notes
0.1[68] 9 June 1993 Beta ? evolt
0.2[68][69] 14 June 1993 Beta ? ? Changelog
0.3[68][70] 16 June 1993 Beta ? ? Changelog
0.4[68][71] 18 June 1993 Beta ? ? Changelog
0.5[68][72] 24 June 1993 Beta ? ? Changelog
0.6[68] 30 June 1993 Beta ? ? changelog
0.8[57] 5 November 1993 Beta {{n/a}} {{n/a}} Changelog (Distinct version discontinued)
0.9[73] 12 November 1993 Beta-pre ?  
0.9[74] 16 November 1993 Beta ?   Changelog
0.9[75] 22 November 1993 WINSOCK alpha r9.2 ?  
1.0[56] 17 February 1994 Release ? [https://web.archive.org/web/20100710021346/http://browsers.evolt.org/download.php?%2Fcello%2F16bit%2F1.0%2Fcello.zip evolt]
1.01 ? Release ? ?
1.01a [76] 17 March 1994 release 521[63]  , [https://web.archive.org/web/20100427002437/http://browsers.evolt.org/download.php?%2Fcello%2F16bit%2F1.01a%2Fcello.zip evolt] Changelog
2.0 {{n/a}} Alpha {{n/a}} {{n/a}} development ceased

Although Cello 2.0 had been announced, development ceased before a public release.[26]

IBM released a fix for their TCP/IP V2.0 stack so that Cello would work with OS/2 WinOS/2 on 9 February 1994.[119]

Browser Comparison Table

The following table shows how Cello compared to browsers of its time.

Comparison of Web Browsers
Browser Cello NCSA X-Mosaic NCSA Mosaic Netscape Navigator Spyglass Mosaic AIR Mosaic Internetworks Win-Tapestry IBM WebExplorer
Operating System Win UNIX WinWinWinWinWinWinOS/2
Version12.4.20-alpha 311.023.06Beta 41.670.91
proxy{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Partial}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Partial}}{{Partial}}
extended html{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
Performance
multithreading{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
dynamic linking{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}
deferred image{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
multi-pane{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}
multi-window{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
Configurability
kiosk mode{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}
external players{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}
Integration
d&d to clipboard{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
spawnable players{{No}}{{Partial}}{{Partial}}{{Yes}}{{Partial}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Partial}}{{Yes}}
search engine(Find){{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
Navigation
hotlist{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}
bookmark{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
folders{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
categories (tags){{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
menu/button bar{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
import{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
export{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
annotation{{No}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}
auto time stamp{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{Yes}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}{{No}}
Source: {{Cite journal|last=Berghel|first=Hal|year=1996|title=The client's side of the World-Wide Web|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=39|issue=1|pages=30–40|issn=0001-0782|doi=10.1145/234173.234177}}

Derivatives

  • The first edition of BURKS, a project to produce non-profit CD-ROMs of resources for students of Computer Science, was based on Cello.[77]
  • InterAp, by California Software Inc, was based on Cello and featured a web browser with Telnet, FTP, and a Visual Basic-compatible scripting language called NetScripts.[60]
  • A version of Lovelace came integrated with Cello.[122]

Technical

While originally Cello required the Distinct Corporation's TCP/IP stack, with the release of Cello Beta Version .8, Cello dropped support for Distinct, and became exclusively Winsock-based.[57][78]

Originally, although Cello could run on OS/2, OS/2's implementation of Winsock had bugs that prevented Cello from accessing the Internet.[65] The bug, APAR #PN52335, was later fixed allowing Cello to properly work on OS/2.[65][79]

The user agent for Cello is LII-Cello/ libwww/2.5.[80]

DDE support

Cello featured Dynamic Data Exchange (DDE) support. OLE support and DDE client support were planned, but never released.[65]

An example of how to invoke Cello from a Microsoft Word macro:

Sub MAIN

ChanNum = DDEInitiate("Cello", "URL")

DDEExecute(ChanNum, "http://www.law.cornell.edu")

DDETerminate(ChanNum)

End Sub

System requirements

Cello has the following system requirements:

[6][81][82]
  • Processor: 80386(386SX) at 16 MHz[6][83] or better[84]
  • Operating System: Windows 3.1 / 3.11 / Windows NT 3.5[13][14] / OS/2.[15]
  • Ram: 2 MB RAM,[39] 4 MB RAM recommended[56]
  • A TCP/IP connection running Winsock

Criticism

Cello was not very stable and its development halted early.[63]

Cello did not render graphics well and required that the user reload the webpage when resizing the window. Like most browsers at the time, Cello also did not support any web security protocols.[40] It was also said that Cello rendered html "crudely" and pages would appear jaggedly.[39][40][85]

Cello also had sub-par performance in accessing the Internet and processing hypermedia documents.[39][85]

See also

  • Mosaic
  • MacWeb
  • Libwww

Annotations

1. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.digitalhumanities.org/humanist/Archives/Virginia/v07/0048.html|title=World Wibe Web Browser: Ms-Windows (Beta) (1/149)|last= Brennan|first=Elaine|date=13 June 1993 |work=Humanist Archives Vol. 7|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0048.html|title=Plans for cello MS-Windows client|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=12 April 1993|publisher=Cornell Law School|accessdate=2 April 2010}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/History/1993/WWW/Windows/Internals.html|title=Internals|year=1993|work=World Wide Web Consortium|accessdate=20 June 2010}}
4. ^{{Cite book|first1=Scott |last1=Zimmerman|first2=Tim |last2=Evans|title=Building an Intranet with Windows Nt 4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mJGcvuzEzekC|accessdate=28 March 2010|year=1996|publisher=Sams.net|isbn=978-1-57521-205-0|chapter=Chapter 1: Understanding Web Technologies |chapterurl=http://www.ssuet.edu.pk/taimoor/books/1-57521-137-8/ch1.htm}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Clients.html|title=World Wide Web Clients |last=Sendall |first=Mike |date=29 March 1995|publisher=W3C|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=The Cello Internet Browser|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/|date=9 April 1994|accessdate=28 March 2010|publisher=Cornell Law School|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050204115016/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/ |archivedate=4 February 2005}}
7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.maximumpc.com/article/features/web_browsers|title=Surfing Since 1991: The Evolution of Web Browsers|last= Lilly |first=Paul|date=19 August 2009|publisher=MaximumPC|page=2|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.agocg.ac.uk/reports/mmedia/handbook/hndbk3.htm|title=3 World-Wide Web Browsers|last=Kelly|first=Brian |work=Running a WWW service|publisher=Computing Service, University of Leeds|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/lii.html|title=The Legal Information Institute - A Quick Overview |publisher=Legal Information Institute, Cornell University Law School|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ron|first=Gustavson|date=August 1996|title=Browsing at large|journal=CD-ROM Professional|volume= 9 |issue= 8|pages=38, 3p|issn=1049-0833}}
11. ^{{Cite journal|last=Notess|first= Greg R.|date=March–April 1995|title=COMPARING WEB BROWSERS: MOSAIC, CELLO, NETSCAPE, WINWEB AND INTERNETWORKS LITE |journal=Online|publisher=Academic Search Premier|volume= 19|issue= 2|pages=36, 4p|issn=0146-5422}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/geekend/?p=1248|title=Geek Trivia: Clear browser history|last=Garmon|first=Jay|date=15 April 2008|work=Geekend|publisher=TechRepublic|page=2|accessdate=28 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080420223329/http://blogs.techrepublic.com.com/geekend/?p=1248|archive-date=20 April 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.wi-inf.uni-essen.de/~schwarze/nt/pppengl.htm|title=NT and NTAS INTERNET SLIP/PPP CONNECTIVITY FAQ|publisher=University Duisburg-Essen|accessdate=28 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102611/http://www.wi-inf.uni-essen.de/~schwarze/nt/pppengl.htm|archivedate=19 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.antionline.com/showthread.php?t=250711|title=Newbie Security Questions|last=Christopher|first=Klaus|orig-year=4 August 1997 |date=28 December 2003|publisher=Antionline Forums|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
15. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.os2bbs.com/Download/dos.html|title=Norloffs OS/2BBS.com|date=1 January 2009|publisher=Norloff Computer Corp.|accessdate=28 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312022952/http://www.os2bbs.com/Download/dos.html|archivedate=12 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.livinginternet.com/w/wi_browse.htm|title=Web Browser History|publisher=Living Internet|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://webtips.dan.info/brand-x/a-g.html|title="Brand-X" Browsers -- Alphabetical List: A-G|last=Tobias|first=Daniel R. |date= 23 December 2009|work=Dan's Web Tips|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://faeriekeeper.net/criteria11.htm|title=A Future of Browsers|year=2010|accessdate=28 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130004413/http://faeriekeeper.net/criteria11.htm|archivedate=30 November 2010|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{Cite book|first1=Laurence A. |last1=Canter|first2=Martha S. |last2=Siegel|title=How to make a fortune on the information superhighway: everyone's guerrilla guide to marketing on the Internet and other on-line services|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9XXwAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=28 March 2010|date=27 October 1994|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|isbn=978-0-06-270131-2|page=117}}
20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Descy|first=Don E.|date=September 1994|title=World-Wide Web: adding multimedia to cyberspace|journal=TechTrends|issue=39|pages=15–16|issn=8756-3894}}
21. ^{{Cite journal|last=Symoens|first=Jeffrey|date=June 1995|title=Windows Web browsers|journal=PC World|issue= 13|page=125|issn=0737-8939}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=|title=Mosaic Quick Tour for Mac |last=Davis|first=Phili|date=1 June 1996|work=Reviews|publisher= Ventana Press|accessdate=31 March 2010}}{{subscription}}
23. ^You can view yahoo browser statistics at https://web.archive.org/web/20021204042351/http://www.cen.uiuc.edu/~ejk/bryl/ which show Cello being used.
24. ^{{Cite book|last=Gay|first=Martin|title=Recent advances and issues in computers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sv7N_JKMPl8C&pg=PA121|accessdate=21 July 2010|date=1 June 2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-227-0|page=123}}
25. ^{{Cite magazine|last=Hastings|first=Bryan |first2=Amy Helen |last2=Johnson|date=August 1996|title=Best web browser|magazine=PC World|publisher=MasterFILE Premier|volume= 14|issue= 8|pages=136, 7p|issn=0737-8939}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/comments.html#CELLOINFO|title=Communicating with the LII |publisher=Cornell University Law School|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/papers/liirptf.htm|title=The Legal Information Institute - 1995-96 Activities and Future Plans|first1=Thomas R. |last1=Bruce|first2=Peter W. |last2=Martin|date=May 1996|publisher=Legal Information Institute|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://blog.law.cornell.edu/blog/2008/06/16/did-you-know-2/|title=Did you know?|work=LII Announce|publisher=Cornell University Law School|accessdate=2 April 2010}}
29. ^The original cello site at https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellotop.html is no longer up. The original ftp site at ftp://ftp.law.cornell.edu/pub/LII/Cello{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} is no longer up. The original gopher server at gopher.law.cornell.edu:70/11/listservs/cellol/ is no longer up.
30. ^Cello can still be downloaded at http://browsers.evolt.org/?cello/ .
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/News/9305.html|title=May World-Wide Web News|work=World Wide Web Consortium|accessdate=8 June 2010}}
32. ^{{Cite book|first=Steve |last=Sheppard|title=The history of legal education in the United States: commentaries and primary sources|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XQgrjw9qiqcC&pg=PA1186|accessdate=28 March 2010|date=April 2007|publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-58477-690-1|page=1186}}
33. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/historyday/abstracts.html|title=WEB HISTORY DAY: PIONEERING SOFTWARE AND SITES|publisher=The World Wide Web History Project|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0048.html|title=Plans for cello MS-Windows client|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=12 April 1993|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
35. ^{{Cite book|first=Robert J. |last=Ambrogi|title=The essential guide to the best (and worst) legal sites on the Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y4oETB8_EbIC|accessdate=28 March 2010|date=1 June 2004|publisher=ALM Publishing|isbn=978-1-58852-117-0|page=22|chapter=Chapter 3: The Best (and Worst) Legal Sites on the Web|chapterurl=http://www.law.com/pdf/sfb/WorstCh03.pdf}}
36. ^{{Cite book|first=J. R. |last=Okin|title=The information revolution: the not-for-dummies guide to the history, technology, and use of the World Wide Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydM6jCWeGckC&pg=PA95|accessdate=2 April 2010|date=30 September 2005|publisher=Ironbound Press|isbn=978-0-9763857-3-8|page=95}}
37. ^{{Cite book|first=Edwin D. |last=Reilly|title=Milestones in computer science and information technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JTYPKxug49IC&pg=PA33|accessdate=2 April 2010|year=2003|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-57356-521-9|page=33}}
38. ^This can be seen in the "About Cello" dialog in Cello. It is also stated in the "Notices, Acknowledgments, Disclaimers" section of the included .hlp file in Cello.
39. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/40608/36143348.pdf|title=Scheme for Identifying and Describing Behavioral Innovation Embodied in Computer Programs|last=Shang-Chul Pak|first=Sean|date=17 May 1996|publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology|pages=146–147|accessdate=4 June 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229134300/http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/40608/36143348.pdf|archivedate=29 February 2012|df=dmy-all}}
40. ^1 2 {{Cite book|last=Vaughan-Nichols|first=Steven J.|title=Inside the World Wide Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IMV7TgH-igC|accessdate=4 June 2010|date=September 1995|publisher=New Riders |isbn=978-1-56205-412-0|pages=186–187}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.justice.gov/atr/cases/f2600/2613-1.htm|title=U.S. v. Microsoft: Proposed Findings of Fact|work=Civil Action No. 98-1232 (TPJ) |publisher=US DOJ|accessdate=10 April 2010}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://news.cnet.com/Justice-counters-MS-claims/2100-1001_3-205644.html|title=Justice counters MS claims|last=Goodin |first=Dan |date=20 November 1997|publisher=CNET News |accessdate=2 May 2010}}
43. ^{{Cite news|title=Browser Memos Pose Challenge To Microsoft |first=Steve |last=Lohr |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/05/business/browser-memos-pose-challenge-to-microsoft.html |work=Business |publisher=The New York Times |date=5 November 1998 |accessdate=2 May 2010}}
44. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/politics/law/news/1998/08/14304|title=Justice: MS Floating 'Old Ideas'|last= Scoblionkov|first=Deborah|date=7 August 1998|publisher=Wired|accessdate=2 May 2010}}
45. ^1 {{Cite book|first1=James |last1=Gillies|first2=R. |last2=Cailliau|title=How the Web was born: the story of the World Wide Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pIH-JijUNS0C&pg=PA235|accessdate=2 April 2010|date=1 September 2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-286207-5|page=235}}
46. ^1 {{Cite book| last = Kasser | first = Barbara | title = Practical Internet | publisher = Knopf Books for Young Readers | location = New York | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-7897-2226-3 |page=19}}
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48. ^1 {{cite web|last=Wheeler|first=David A.|title=Information on How to Download Lovelace|url=http://www.adahome.com/Tutorials/Lovelace/download.htm|accessdate=26 July 2010|date=5 October 1996}}
49. ^{{Cite book| last = IV | first = Louis | title = Microsoft Windows Dna Exposed | publisher = Knopf Books for Young Readers | location = New York | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-0-672-31561-9 |page=13}}
50. ^  {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305195329/http://www.sfr-fresh.com/windows/misc/old/winter15.zip%3Aa/WINTER15.DOC |date=5 March 2012 }}
51. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/286238.286240|title=Who won the Mosaic War?|year=1998|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=41|page=13|issue=10}}
52. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/319382.319384|title=Digital village: the cost of having analog executives in a digital world|year=1999|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=42|page=11|issue=11}}
53. ^{{Cite book|first=Álvaro |last=Castells|title=Internet dictionary: a comprehensive guide to the language of the Web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IkwoO8IUEosC&pg=PA30|accessdate=2 April 2010|date=1 November 2002|publisher=Kogan Page Publishers|isbn=978-0-7494-3667-4|page=30}}
54. ^{{Cite book |first=Allen |last=Kent|author-link=Allen Kent |title=Encyclopedia of library and information science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v0UHXl5cEAEC&pg=PA50|accessdate=2 April 2010|date=29 June 1999|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8247-2064-3|page=50}}
55. ^{{Cite journal|doi=10.1145/234173.234177|title=The client's side of the World-Wide Web|year=1996|last1=Berghel|first1=Hal|journal=Communications of the ACM|volume=39|page=30}}
56. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite web|url=http://lawlibrary.ucdavis.edu/LAWLIB/feb94/0210.html|title=Cello v1 released|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=17 February 1994|publisher=University of California|accessdate=27 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609164303/http://lawlibrary.ucdavis.edu/LAWLIB/feb94/0210.html|archivedate=9 June 2011|df=dmy-all}}
57. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1994q1/0190.html|title=Cello Beta v.8 Released (longish)|last=Bruce |first=Thomas R. |date=5 November 1993|work=WWW-Talk Han-March 1994|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
58. ^{{cite book|last=December|last2=Randall|first=John|first2=Neil|page=21|title=The World Wide Web unleashed|year=1994|publisher=Sams Publishing|isbn=1-57521-040-1}}
59. ^1 {{Cite book|first=Neil |last=Randall|title=Teach yourself the Internet: around the world in 21 days|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0CpQ97qrcBgC|accessdate=28 March 2010|year=1994|publisher=Sams|isbn=978-0-672-30519-1|pages=211–212}}
60. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Network World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gRcEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA19-IA8|accessdate=28 March 2010|publisher=IDG Network World Inc|pages=19, 22, 24|author1=Inc, I.D.G. Network World|date=27 June 1994|issn=0887-7661}}
61. ^{{Cite journal|last=Emslie|first=Mike|year=1994|title=Setting up a World Wide Web Server|volume= 8|issue= 3|issn=1358-5363|url=http://www.economicsnetwork.ac.uk/cheer/ch8_3/ch23_p22.htm}}
62. ^1 {{cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031207053327/http://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellofaq.html|archivedate=7 December 2003|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellofaq.html|title=FAQ for Cello|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|publisher=Cornell Law School|work=Part 1|accessdate=27 March 2010|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
63. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://spot.fho-emden.de/alge/museum/programme.htm|title=Das World Wide Web Museum - Programme|last=Klaassen|first=Gerd|year=2001|publisher=Fachhochschule Emden/Leer|language=German|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.digitaldeliftp.com/Recommendations/gabrwsrtools.html|title=Internet Browser Resources for enjoying Golden Age Radio History|accessdate=15 June 2010}}
65. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|title=FAQ For Cello (Part 2)|url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellocfg.html|accessdate=28 March 2010|publisher=Cornell Law School|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050211194555/http://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/cellocfg.html|archivedate=11 February 2005|deadurl=yes|df=dmy-all}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/history/marshall/internet/hist_news/histnews_1_6.txt|title=Histnews: The Electronic History Newsletter|date=12 October 1993|work=Vol.1, No.6|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
67. ^{{Cite book|last=Kressin|first=Mark|title=The Internet and the World Wide Web: a time-saving guide for new users|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zHzyAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=4 June 2010|date=15 January 1997|publisher=Prentice Hall PTR|isbn=978-0-13-493743-4|page=115}}
68. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://blogs.msdn.com/drnick/archive/2008/06/09/first-web-browser-on-windows.aspx|title=First Web Browser on Windows|last=Allen|first=Nicholas|date=9 June 2008|work=Microsoft Developer Network|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0478.html|title=Beta version .2 of Cello...|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=14 June 1993|accessdate=4 June 2010}}
70. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0529.html|title=Cello Beta 0.3 loose.|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=16 June 1993|accessdate=4 June 2010}}
71. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0553.html|title=Cello beta 0.4 released|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=18 June 1993|accessdate=4 June 2010}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1993q2/0623.html|title=Cello Beta 0.5 out.|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=24 June 1993|accessdate=4 June 2010}}
73. ^Given in the "about Cello" - windows in Cello
74. ^Given in the "README.1ST" of Cello .9
75. ^Given in the "DEFAULT.HTML" of Cello .9
76. ^{{cite web|url=http://1997.webhistory.org/www.lists/www-talk.1994q1/0934.html|title=Cello v1.01a released|last=Bruce|first=Thomas R.|date=17 March 1994 |accessdate=4 June 2010}}
77. ^{{Cite journal|last=English |first=John |year=1999|title=Building self-contained websites on CD-ROM|journal=ACM SIGCSE Bulletin|publisher=ACM|location=New York, NY, USA|volume= 31|issue= 3|pages=159–162 |issn=0097-8418 |url=http://portal.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=305906&type=pdf|doi=10.1145/384267.305906}}
78. ^{{Cite book|title=AUUGN|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xI_blk_IVb0C|accessdate=28 March 2010|publisher=AUUG, Inc.|page=95|author1=Auug, Inc|date=December 1993}}
79. ^1 {{cite web|date=2 September 1994|url=http://www.os2bbs.com/download/fixes_o.html|title=OS/2 Shareware BBS Website - Other Fixes and patches from IBM|publisher=Norloff Computer Corporation|accessdate=28 March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100312023008/http://www.os2bbs.com/Download/fixes_o.html|archivedate=12 March 2010|df=dmy-all}}
80. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/Protocols/HTTP/HTRQ_Headers.html|title=HTTP Request fields|date=3 May 1994 |work=Protocols|publisher=W3C|accessdate=28 March 2010}}
81. ^{{cite web|url=http://kottke.org/05/07/cello-is-a-graphical-www-browser-like-mosaic|title=Cello is a graphical WWW browser like Mosaic|last=Kottke|first=Jason|date=26 July 2005|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
82. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.toronto.edu/webdocs/HTMLdocs/PCTOOLS/pc_browsers.html|title=PC WWW BROWSERS|date=1 December 1995|work=PC Browsers|publisher=University of Toronto|accessdate=27 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081230091707/http://www.toronto.edu/webdocs/HTMLdocs/PCTOOLS/pc_browsers.html|archive-date=30 December 2008|dead-url=yes|df=dmy-all}}
83. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.adahome.com/Tutorials/Lovelace/download.htm|title=Information on How to Download Lovelace#On Installing a Web Browser|last=Wheeler|first=David A.|date=5 October 1996|publisher=Ada Home|accessdate=27 March 2010}}
84. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.osec.doc.gov/webresources/accessibility/BP3_AdditionalResources.htm|title=Useful Accessibility Resource Web Sites|date=29 March 2010|work=Web Advisory Group (WAG)|publisher=US Department of Commerce Office of the CIO|accessdate=10 April 2010}}
85. ^1 {{cite web|title=Reviews - Cello|last=Reichard|first=Kevin|url=http://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Browsers/cello.html|publisher=CNET|accessdate=15 June 2010|date=20 December 1995|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970212040520/http://www.cnet.com/Content/Reviews/Compare/Browsers/cello.html |archivedate=12 February 1997}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

Bibliography

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  • {{Cite journal|last=Grier|first=D.A.|year=2008|title=Evolutionary Fervor|journal=Computer|volume=41|issue=12|pages=10–12|issn=0018-9162|doi=10.1109/MC.2008.529|url=http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/MC.2008.529}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Jagodzinski|first=Cecile|year=1997|title=Cooperative Web Weaving|journal=Journal of Interlibrary Loan, Document Delivery & Information Supply|volume=8|issue=2|pages=1–20|issn=1072-303X|doi=10.1300/J110V08N02_01}}
  • {{Cite journal|year=1997|title=The World Wide Web - Past, Present and Future|journal=Journal of Digital Information|volume= 1|issue= 1|url=http://journals.tdl.org/jodi/article/view/3}}

Further reading

  • {{Cite book|first=Glyn |last=Moody|title=The Internet with Windows|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P6vbAAAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|isbn=978-0-7506-9704-0|pages=378–381}}
  • {{Cite book|first=V.K. |last=Rao|title=Education Technology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7J38gFrf7QC&pg=PA182|publisher=APH Publishing|isbn=978-81-7648-493-0|page=182}}
  • {{Cite book|first1=John |last1=December|first2=Neil |last2=Randall|title=The World Wide Web unleashed|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L-1SAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Sams.net Pub.|isbn=978-1-57521-040-7}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Craigmile, B.1 |date=Spring 1995|title=What a tangled web it is... Three WWW browsers reviewed|journal=Library Software Review|volume= 14|issue= 1|publisher= |location=USA|issn=0742-5759|pages=5–8}}
  • {{Cite book| last = Gilster | first = Paul | title = The Slip/Ppp Connection | publisher = Knopf Books for Young Readers | location = New York | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-471-11712-9 }}
  • {{Cite book|last=Harrison|first=Peter John|title=The Internet Direct Connect Kit|publisher=Wiley Publishing|year=1994|isbn= 1-56884-135-3}}
  • {{Cite magazine|last=Ayre|first= Rick|date=26 April 1994|title=Cello and Mosaic: Two free tickets around the Internet|magazine=PC Magazine|volume= 13|issue= 8|page=48|publisher=Academic Search Premier}}
  • {{Cite magazine|last=Kevin|first=Richard|date=11 October 1994|title=Mosaic and Cello: Freeware gold. (Cover Story)|magazine=PC Magazine|volume= 13|issue= 17|issn=0888-8507}}
  • {{Cite magazine|last1=Ayre |first1=R.|last2=Mulder |first2=P.|date=March 1995|title=Web browsers: the web untangled|magazine=PC Magazine|volume= 3|issue= 2|page=75|issn=1021-5441}}
  • {{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Peter H.|date=June 1995|title=Best Web browsers|journal=PC World|volume= 13|issue= 6|issn=0737-8939}}

External links

  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040217003215/https://www.law.cornell.edu/cello/ |date=17 February 2004 |title=The official Cello home page }}
  • Cello: a well strung instrument
  • Cello index at W3C
{{Early web browsers}}{{web browsers|desktop}}{{gopher clients}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cello (Web Browser)}}

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