| 释义 |
- Engler's works
- Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten (Engler 1886) Division Zoidogamae (Archegoniatae) Division Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta) Subdivision Gymnospermae (Archispermae) Subdivision Angiospermae (Metaspermae) Class Monocotyledoneae Class Dicotyledoneae
- Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl 1887–1915)
- Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (Engler ed. 1892–)
- Notes
- References
- Bibliography Works by Engler Works about Engler
- External links
One of the prime systems of plant taxonomy, the Engler system was devised by Adolf Engler (1844–1930), and is featured in two major taxonomic texts he authored or coauthored. His influence is reflected in the use of the terms "Engler School" and "Engler Era". Engler's starting point was that of Eichler who had been the first to use phylogenetic principles, although Engler himself did not think that his was.{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2005|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V2QyHhwOnQQC&pg=PA59 Linnaeus' System of Classification and Thereafter p. 59]}} Engler's works His modified Eichler schema first appeared in 1886 in his Guide to Breslau Botanic Garden{{sfn|Engler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sUcyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10 Systematische Abteilung pp. 10–11]}} (of which he was the director) and was expanded in his Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien in 1892.{{sfn|Naik|1984}} This reflected the new post-Darwinian perspective. Engler's Syllabus first appeared in 1892 with the title Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Many subsequent editions have appeared since, and it was continued after Engler's death in 1930. The most recent edition was the 13th in 2009.{{sfn|Frey|Stech|Fischer|2009}} The other major work was Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (1887-1915) written with Karl Anton Prantl in 23 volumes.{{sfn|Engler|Prantl|1887–1915}} An incomplete second edition was issued in 28 parts (1924-1980).{{sfn|Frodin|2001|loc=p. 98}} Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien consisted of a complete revision of plant families down to generic level and often even further.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}} Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien is still considered one of the few true World Floras.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}}{{sfn|Bhattacharyya|2005}} Finally there was the also incomplete Das Pflanzenreich (1900–1968),{{sfn|Engler|1900–1968}} a multi-authored work which attempted to provide a modern version of Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (1753).{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}} The Engler system rapidly became the most widely used system in the world.{{sfn|Walters|Keil|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA469 Traditional phylogenetic classification p. 469]}} References to the Engler system may imply an edition of the Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien or Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien. The different approaches between the two works and the different editions has resulted in inconsistencies in the descriptions of the system. A number of references to the Engler system actually refer to later revisions ('modified Engler system') undertaken by Melchior and colleagues, the 12th edition of the Syllabus (1964). Many of the world's herbaria have been organised on the Engler system, particularly in North America and in Europe other than Britain.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}}{{sfn|Walters|Keil|1996|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC&pg=PA74 Final stages of processing specimens p. 74]}} Plants were considered to form a number of divisions (Abteilung), the number of which continually changed but initially (1886) was four and in 1919 was thirteen. Many of these referred to lower life forms such as bacteria and algae that would not necessarily be considered as plants today. Initially higher plants (Embryophyta or terrestrial plants) were considered in two divisions, Embryophyta Asiphonogama (bryophytes, pteridophytes) and Embryophyta Siphonogama (Spermatophytes: gymnosperms, angiosperms), but were later subdivided. Embryophyta Siphonogama replaced the older term Phanerogamae, and the classes were further divided into groups of families, called orders. Engler followed Eichler's phylogeny, placing the monocotyledons before the dicotyledons, and within the latter the Archichlamydeae before the Metachlamydeae.{{sfn|Stace|1989|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA31 Post-Darwinian phylogenetic systems p. 31]}} While the groupings were largely based on those of Bentham and Hooker, the ordering was very much based on the concept of the primitive plant and those that were derived from these. Engler's Botanical Ranks| German | Latin | English | | Abteilung | divisio | Division | | Unterabteilung | subdivisio | Subdivision | | Klasse | classis | Class | | Reihe | ordo | Order | | Unterreihe | subordo | Suborder | | Fam. | familia | Family | | Unterfam. | subfamilia | Subfamily | | Gruppe (§) | tribus | Tribe | | Gattung | genus | Genus | | Art | species | Species | |
Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten (Engler 1886) Synopsis{{sfn|Engler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=sUcyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA10 Systematische Abteilung pp. 10–11]}} - Division Mycetozoa (Myxomycetes)
- Division Thallophyta
- Subdivision Schizophyta
- Subdivision Algae
- Class Bacilleriaceae (Diatomaceae)
- Class Chlorophyceae
- Class Phaeophyceae
- Class Rhodophyceae (Florideae)
- Subdivision Fungi
- Class Phycomycetes
- Class Ustilagineae
- Class Ascomycetes (Lichenes)
- Subdivision Characeae
- Division Zoidogamae (Archegoniatae)
- Subdivision Bryophyta
- Class Hepaticae
- Class Musci frondosi
- Subdivision Pteridophyta
- Class Filicinae (2 orders) p. 11
- Class Equisetinae
- Class Lycopodinae
- Division Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta)
- Subdivision Gymnospermae (Archispermae)
- Class Cycadinae
- Class Coniferae
- Class Gnetales
- Subdivision Angiospermae (Metaspermae)
- Class Monocotyledoneae (10 orders) p. 18
- Class Dicotyledoneae
- Subclass Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae, Apetalae) (25 orders) p. 30
- Subclass Sympetalae (10 orders) p. 57
Division Zoidogamae (Archegoniatae) - Subdivision Bryophyta
- Class Hepaticae
- Class Musci frondosi
- Subdivision Pteridophyta
- Class Filicinae (2 orders)
- Order Filices p. 11
- Order Hydropterides p. 13
- Class Equisetinae
- Class Lycopodinae
Division Siphonogamae (Phanerogamae, Anthophyta) Subdivision Gymnospermae (Archispermae) - Class Cycadinae
- Class Coniferae
- Class Gnetales
Subdivision Angiospermae (Metaspermae) - Class Monocotyledoneae (10 orders) p. 18
Class Monocotyledoneae - Order Pandanales (3 families) p. 18
- Order Helobiae (Fluviales) (9 families) p. 18
- Order Glumiflorae (2 families) p. 18
- Family Gramineae
- Family Cyperaceae p. 21
- Order Principes (1 family) p. 21
- Order Synanthae (1 family) p. 22
- Order Spathiflorae (2 families) p. 22
- Order Farinosae (11 families) p. 23
- Order Liliiflorae (Solido-albuminatae) (8 families) p. 23
- Family Juncaceae p. 23
- Family Liliaceae (10 subfamilies) p. 23
- Subfamily Melanthioideae p. 24
- Subfamily Herrerioideae
- Subfamily Asphodeloideae
- Subfamily Allioideae p. 25
- Subfamily Liliodeae p. 25
- Subfamily Dracaenoideae
- Subfamily Asparagoideae p. 26
- Subfamily Ophiopogonoideae
- Subfamily Luzuriagoideae
- Subfamily Smilacoideae p. 26
- Family Haemodoraceae
- Family Amaryllidaceae (3 subfalies) p. 26
- Subfamily Amaryllidoideae p. 26
- Subfamily Agavoideae p. 26
- Subfamily Hypoxidoideae
- Family Velloziaceae p. 27
- Family Taccaceae
- Family Dioscoreaceae
- Family Iridaceae (3 subfamilies) p. 27
- Subfamily Crocoideae
- Subfamily Iridoideae
- Subfamily Ixioideae
- Order Scitamineae p. 28
- Order Microspermae
Class Dicotyledoneae - Subclass Archichlamydeae (Choripetalae, Apetalae) (25 orders) p. 30
- Subclass Sympetalae (10 orders) p. 57
Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl 1887–1915){{main article|Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien}}Synopsis of first edition {{sfn|Engler|Prantl|1887–1915}} - Myxothallophyta (Myxomycetes) [I (1)] 1897
- Euthallophyta
- Embryophyta Zoidiogama (Archegoniatae) (later Embryophyta Asiphonogama) [I (3)] 1909
- Embryophyta Siphonogama [II (1)] 1889
Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien (Engler ed. 1892–){{main article|Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien}}Synopsis of first edition {{sfn|Engler|1892}} - Myxothallophyta
- Euthallophyta
- Embryophyta Zoidiogama (Archegoniatae)
- Embryophyta Siphonogama (Phanerogamae)
- Gymnospermae
- Angiospermae
Notes References {{Reflist|30em}} Bibliography{{refbegin|30em}} Works by Engler - {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|authorlink=Adolf Engler|title=Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau|date=1886|publisher=J.U. Kerns Verlag (Max Müller)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sUcyAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=2 May 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|title=Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien nebst ihren Gattungen und wichtigeren Arten, insbesondere den Nutzpflanzen, unter Mitwirkung zahlreicher hervorragender Fachgelehrten|date=1887–1915|language=German|volume=33 parts (Abteilungen) in 23 volumes|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/4635#/summary||editor1-last=Engler|editor1-first=Adolf|editor2-last=Prantl|editor2-first=Karl|editorlink1=Adolf Engler|editorlink2=Karl Anton Prantl||accessdate=31 January 2014|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|authorlink=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik. Eine Uebersicht über das gesammte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal-und Nutzpflanzen|date=1892|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag|location=Berlin|pages=143|edition=1st|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/69853#/summary|accessdate=29 April 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|editor1-last=Frey|editor1-first=Wolfgang|editor2-last=Stech|editor2-first=Michael|editor3-last=Fischer|editor3-first=Eberhard|title=A. Engler's Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Part 3: Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants|date=2009|publisher=Borntraeger|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3-443-01063-8|edition=13th|url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/publications/detail/isbn/9783443010638/Syllabus_of_Plant_Families_A_Engler_s_Syllabus_der|accessdate=29 April 2015|ref=harv}} [https://books.google.com/books/about/Syllabus_der_Pflanzenfamilien.html?id=EzZFAQAAIAAJ Google Books]
- {{cite book|editor1-last=Engler|editor1-first=Adolf|editorlink=Adolf Engler|title=Das Pflanzenreich: regni vegetablilis conspectus|date=1900–1968|publisher=W. Engelmann|location=Leipzig|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/250#/summary|accessdate=3 May 2015|language=german|ref=harv}}
Works about Engler - {{cite book|last1=Frodin|first1=David G.|title=Guide to Standard Floras of the World: An Annotated, Geographically Arranged Systematic Bibliography of the Principal Floras, Enumerations, Checklists and Chorological Atlases of Different Areas|date=2001|origyear=1984|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781139428651|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Guide_to_Standard_Floras_of_the_World.html?id=aMjXCF4rmDUC|accessdate=28 April 2015|ref=harv}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Morley|first1=Thomas|title=An Index to the Families in Engler and Prantl's "Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien'|journal=Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|date=1984|volume=71 |issue=1|pages=210–228|jstor=2399064|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Stace|first1=Clive A.|authorlink = Clive A. Stace |title=Plant taxonomy and biosystematics|date=1989|origyear=1980|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|isbn=9780521427852|edition=2nd.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C|accessdate=29 April 2015|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last=Carter|first=Humphrey G.|title=Genera of British plants arranged according to Engler's Syllabus der pflanzenfamilien (Seventh edition 1912)|date=1913|publisher=Cambridge University Press|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/20451#/summary|accessdate=10 February 2014|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Bhattacharyya|first1=Bharati|title=Systematic botany|date=2005|publisher=Alpha Science International Ltd.|location=Harrow|isbn=9781842652510|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V2QyHhwOnQQC|accessdate=29 April 2015|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1= Naik|first1=V.N.|title=Taxonomy of Angiosperms|date=1984|publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education|location=New Delhi|isbn= 9780074517888|edition=|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GanmtXAyU0gC|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=New York|isbn=9780231518642|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC|accessdate=5 May 2015|ref=harv}}
- {{cite book|last1=Walters|first1=Dirk R.|last2=Keil|first2=David J.|title=Vascular plant taxonomy|date=1996|origyear=1975|publisher=Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co.|location=Dubuque, Iowa|isbn=9780787221089|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZbaNxSnNoecC|accessdate=30 April 2015|ref=harv}}
{{refend}} External links - Engler & Prantl system
- Bhandary, J. Engler & Prantl system of classification. 2013 Slide show
- George H. M. Lawrence TAXONOMY OF VASCULAR PLANTS: Part One 03. History of Classification: Theories
{{Commons category|Adolf Engler}}{{Commons category|Das Pflanzenreich}}{{Commons category|Die naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien}}{{List of systems of plant taxonomy}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Engler System}} 4 : Systems of plant taxonomy|Systems of bacterial taxonomy|Systems of fungi taxonomy|Systems of algae taxonomy |