“English exonyms”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

An English exonym is a name in the English language for a place (a toponym), or occasionally other terms, which does not follow the local usage (the endonym). Exonyms and endonyms are features of all languages and other languages may have their own exonym for the English endonym, for example Llundain is the Welsh exonym for the English endonym "London".

An English exonym is typically a place name given by an English-speaking linguistic community to a topographic feature situated in a territory where English has no official status. British English traditionally uses the term "conventional name", but the more internationally accepted term is "exonym".^[1]

A less common form of exonym is usage for names and titles. Personal exonyms are typically limited to regnal names such as popes (John Paul II) or monarchs (Charles V); less commonly very well known non-modern authors (John Calvin, for French Jean Calvin) are referred to by exonyms.

Romanization, or transcription of a non-Latin alphabet endonym into a Latin alphabet, is not generally regarded as creating exonyms; "The application of any scientifically sound romanization system to a non-Roman endonym merely re-creates that original endonym in another legitimate form" (Päll, 2002).^[2]^[3] However old romanization systems may leave a legacy of "familiar" spellings, as in the case of, for example, romanization of Burmese.^[4] This affects romanization of Arabic, romanization of Chinese, and many other non-Latin alphabet place names.

Lists

For convenience a non-exhaustive summary list of English exonyms is included below. Note that the list includes both current and historic exonyms. In many cases, modern English-language sources no longer use the traditional English spelling, or do so only in historical contexts. See the article on each individual place name for information on its usage.

Albania

Algeria

Armenia

Australia

Austria

Azerbaijan

Belgium

Historically, English borrowed French names for many places in Dutch-speaking areas of Belgium. With few exceptions this practice is no longer followed by most sources.^[6] French placenames in Dutch-speaking areas are marked by an asterisk (*).

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Bulgaria

Canada

Numerous places in the predominantly French speaking province of Quebec have historically had English exonyms; in most cases, the exonym was a straight translation of the place's French name, with only one major city which ever had an English exonym that was entirely different from its original French name. With a few exceptions, such as Quebec City, these exonyms are no longer widely used; in contemporary usage, English names for nearly all places in Quebec differ from the French names only in minor orthographic details, such as some writers using spaces instead of hyphens in a compound name such as Trois-Rivières, or not using diacritic marks in an accented name such as Montréal. As noted in the introduction, however, differences of this type are not deemed to turn an endonym into an exonym.

Exonyms are also commonly seen in regards to First Nations and Inuit peoples and communities; although government and media sources have evolved in recent years toward using these places' native endonyms, common usage may still favour the older exonyms.

Cape Verde

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

China

Some of the apparent "exonyms" for China are the result of change in romanization of Chinese to modern pinyin, for example the change from "Tientsin" to "Tianjin". Other apparent exonyms are the result of the English name being based on one of the other varieties of Chinese besides Mandarin. Certain names which may now be considered exonyms actually preserve older Mandarin pronunciations which have changed in the intervening centuries.

Croatia

Cuba

Cyprus

Czech Republic

Historically, English-language sources used German names for many places in what is now the Czech Republic. With few exceptions (such as the Elbe and Oder) this practice is no longer followed by most sources.^[14] German placenames are marked by an asterisk (*).

Denmark

Faroe Islands

Greenland

Several places have been known under their traditional Danish names, or a variant of them. Now Greenlandic are used. This list contains places where an English variant was used, often Danish without diacritical marks.

Egypt

Estonia

Finland

Occasionally Swedish-based Latin names are used for historical provinces. Many provinces have different Finnish and Swedish names (Finnish / Swedish):

Satakunta and Uusimaa (Finnish) and Åland (Swedish) are known with their own names in English.

France

Georgia (country)

Germany

This list does not include German place names with ß such as Gießen, commonly written Giessen in English sources.

Greece

Hungary

Iceland

India

Iran

Iraq

Ireland

The vast majority of placenames in Ireland are anglicisations, or phonetic renderings, of Irish language names. However, some names come directly from the English language. When the Irish Free State gained independence from the United Kingdom, some placenames were reverted to their Irish or anglicised forms. This includes:

Israel and Palestine

Israel proper

The below listing is only a summary. Modern Israeli transcription systems (romanization of Hebrew) vary from the familiar spellings of many hundreds of place names of Ancient Israel adopted by Bible translations - both Christian, such as the King James Version (1611) and also Jewish versions such as the JPS (1917). For example, modern 'v' on road signs in Israel corresponds to 'w' or 'b' in traditional English naming.^[20]

Palestine

Italy

Japan

Jordan

Korea

Kosovo

Latvia

Lebanon

Libya

Lithuania

Macedonia

Malaysia

Mexico

Moldova

Mongolia

Montenegro

Morocco

Myanmar/Burma

Netherlands

New Zealand

Norway

Poland

Portugal

Romania

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Serbia

Slovakia

Slovenia

South Africa

Spain

Sri Lanka

Sudan

Sweden

Switzerland

Historically, English-language sources borrowed French names for some places in German-speaking Switzerland. This practice is no longer universally followed, and many sources now use German names for most Swiss German-speaking places. Most guidebooks also now use "Basel" instead of the traditional "Basle."^[22] French placenames in German-speaking areas are marked by an asterisk (*).

Syria

Thailand

Taiwan

Tunisia

Turkey

Ukraine

United Kingdom

Scotland

Wales

United States

New York

Vatican City

Vietnam

See also

References

1. ^Manual for the National Standardization of Geographical Names - Page 129 United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names, United Nations. Statistical Division - 2006 "An exonym is a name given by a linguistic community—a group of people who communicate with each other with relative ease in a common language—in its own language to a topographic feature situated in a territory where this language has no official status, for example, a foreign country. The English traditionally use the form "conventional name", but here we will use the internationally accepted term “exonym”."
2. ^Peeter Päll, Estonia, "Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?" UN Group of Experts on Geographical Names, Working Group on Romanization Systems (2002)
3. ^Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman - 2007- Page 16 "2.2.11 This brings us on to the question of romanization. Does the application of a romanization system turn an endonym into an exonym? In his GeoNames 2000 paper Do Romanization Systems Create Exonyms?, Peeter Päll argued convincingly.."
4. ^M. B. Hooker Laws of South-East Asia: The pre-modern texts 1986 - Page 23 "Place names such as Rangoon, Mandalay, Pegu and Moulmein have been left in the English form which is familiar to the non-Burmese reader. Personal names also have been left in the old romanization which seems to be familiar to.."
5. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶³⁷³⁸³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹⁵²⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹⁶⁰⁶¹⁶²⁶³⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁸⁶⁹⁷⁰⁷¹⁷²⁷³⁷⁴⁷⁵⁷⁶⁷⁷⁷⁸⁷⁹⁸⁰⁸¹⁸²⁸³⁸⁴⁸⁵⁸⁶⁸⁷⁸⁸⁸⁹⁹⁰⁹¹Worsch, Wolfgang (2004). Langenscheidt Muret-Sanders Großwörterbuch, Teil II, Deutsch-Englisch , Langenscheidt KG, Berlin, Munich, Vienna, Zurich, New York, pp. 1269-1272. {{ISBN|3-468-02126-7}}.
6. ^Willemyns, Roland. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JBu9lOijWYcC&pg=PP27#v=onepage&q=bruges%20english%20uses%20french%20spelling Dutch: Biography of a Language]. Oxford University Press. 2013.
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=okhrBBmnHVQC&pg=PA52|first=Elisabeth|last=Kaske|title=The Politics of Language in Chinese Education|publisher=Brill|year=2008|page=52}}
8. ^{{cite journal|url=http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp019_peking_beijing.pdf|first=Bosat|last=Man|title=Backhill/Peking/Beijing|journal=Sino-Platonic Papers|issue=19|date=June 1990|page=5}}
9. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9QMAAAAIAAJ&pg=116|first=Nicholas Belfield|last=Dennys|first2=William Frederick|last2=Mayers|authorlink2=William Frederick Mayers|first3=Charles|last3=King|title=The Treaty Ports of Japan and China|publisher=Trübner and Company|year=1867|page=116|postscript=}}; quote: "The name by which the city is known to the Chinese themselves is Kwang-chow-fu ... the word Canton being merely a corruption by the Portuguese, the first European visitors, of the name of the Province."
10. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NJEhjdUbz9UC&pg=PT254|first=Phillis Ghim-Lian|last=Chew|title=Emergent Lingua Francas and World Orders: The Politics and Place of English as a World Language|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|page=254}}
11. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&pg=PR15|first=Philippe|last=Forêt|title=Mapping Chengde: The Qing Landscape Enterprise|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2000|page=xv}}
12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2japTNPRNAC&pg=PA200|first=Patrick|last=Tavereine|title=Han–Mongol Encounters and Missionary Endeavors: A History of Scheut in Ordos (Hetao) 1874–1911|publisher=Leuven University Press|year=2004|page=2000}}
13. ^{{harvnb|Forêt|2000|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=tAfF7d-7ysEC&pg=PR16 xvi]}} : "The name Manchuria indicates exclusively a geographical area and not a political entity. Manchuria is not a word in Chinese or in Manchu ... The term refers to the area now covered by Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, and the northeastern part of Inner Mongolia."
14. ^Webb, Adrian. [https://books.google.com/books?id=omjBEYM3IK4C&pg=PR12#v=onepage&q=english%20uses%20czech%20german%20%22pilsen%22 The Routledge Companion to Central and Eastern Europe since 1919]. 2008.
15. ^¹Langenscheidt does not qualify this usage as 'historical'.
16. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹¹²¹³¹⁴¹⁵¹⁶¹⁷¹⁸¹⁹²⁰²¹²²²³²⁴²⁵²⁶²⁷²⁸²⁹³⁰³¹³²³³³⁴³⁵³⁶³⁷³⁸³⁹⁴⁰⁴¹⁴²⁴³⁴⁴⁴⁵⁴⁶⁴⁷⁴⁸⁴⁹⁵⁰⁵¹⁵²⁵³⁵⁴⁵⁵⁵⁶⁵⁷⁵⁸⁵⁹⁶⁰⁶¹⁶²⁶³⁶⁴⁶⁵⁶⁶⁶⁷⁶⁸⁶⁹⁷⁰⁷¹⁷²⁷³⁷⁴[https://books.google.com/books?id=xAIZAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA120#v=onepage&q=%22Palatinate%20Forest%22 Utrata Fachwörterbuch: Geographie - Englisch-Deutsch/Deutsch-Englisch] by Jürgen Utrata (2014). Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.
17. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=qfizAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA133#v=onepage&q=%22Palatine%20Forest%22 The Nibelungen Tradition: An Encyclopedia] by edited by Winder McConnell, Werner Wunderlich, Frank Gentry, Ulrich Mueller. Retrieved 10 Apr 2014.
18. ^{{Dickinson's Germany|page=37}}
19. ^Described in other sources as uplands; they are not really high enough to qualify geographically as mountains.
20. ^Dorit Diskin Ravid Spelling Morphology 2012- Page 10 "For example, in the Hebraist tradition, current v would be transcribed as either w or b following Hebrew graphemes – so that official place names on road signs in Israel can be quite misleading to non-Hebrew readers traveling around Israel."
21. ^Robert D. Kaplan. Balkan Ghosts: A Journey Through History. 1993. (Picador, 2014.) p. 119. {{ISBN|9781466868304}}
22. ^Bewes, Diccon. [https://books.google.com/books?id=hP9MkZky0_EC&pg=PT9#v=onepage&q=swiss%20place%20name%20french Swiss Watching: Inside the Land of Milk and Honey]. p.vii. 2012.
23. ^Lonely Planet Turkey ed. Verity Campbell 2007 Page 233 "There are also flights between İzmir and Europe on various European airlines (see p672). With the launch of İzmir Airlines, direct flights to Europe will greatly increase, and İzmir is billed to become one of Turkey's biggest hubs." and Page 291 "Original İznik tiles are antiquities and cannot be exported from Turkey, but new tiles make great, if not particularly cheap, souvenirs."
24. ^Exonyms and the International Standardisation of Geographical Names: Approaches towards the Resolution of an Apparent Contradiction Peter Jordan, Milan Orožen Adamič, Paul Woodman, Vienna 2007 Page 210 [lists Istanbul, as an English exonym of İstanbul. Istanbul appears to be the only English exonym listed for any Turkish city].
25. ^{{cite book| author=James Steele | title=Turkey - A Traveller's Historical and Architectural Guide | year=1990 | publisher=Scorpion | pages=161–162| isbn=0-905906-72-1 }}
26. ^Donald F. Lach, Edwin J. Van Kley Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. 1998 Page 1256 "Buzomi began his mission at "Turon" (Tourane, the French name for Da Nang), a town downriver from the place where the king resides."
27. ^Jean-Pierre Duteil Alexandre de Rhodes' Histoire du royaume du Tonkin 1999 Page 37 "Tourane se développe aux dépends de Faifo à la fin du XVIfle siècle, et l'éclipsé à peu près complètement au XTXe. "Faifo" doit son nom au "marché" (phô) de Hôi an (Hôi-an phô). "Tourane" correspondrait à la prononciation chinoise de .."