| 词条 | Enteroendocrine cell |
| 释义 |
| Name = Enteroendocrine cell | Latin = endocrinocyti gastroenteropancreatici | Image = Digestive hormones.jpg | Caption = Actions of the major digestive hormones secreted by enteroendocrine cells | Image2 = | Caption2 = | Precursor = | Location = Gastrointestinal tract | System = Endocrine system }} Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas with endocrine function. They produce gastrointestinal hormones or peptides in response to various stimuli and release them into the bloodstream for systemic effect, diffuse them as local messengers, or transmit them to the enteric nervous system to activate nervous responses.[1][2] Enteroendocrine cells of the intestine are the most numerous endocrine cells of the body.[3][4][5] They constitute an enteric endocrine system as a subset of the endocrine system just as the enteric nervous system is a subset of the nervous system.[6] In a sense they are known to act as chemoreceptors, initiating digestive actions and detecting harmful substances and initiating protective responses.[7][8] Enteroendocrine cells are located in the stomach, in the intestine and in the pancreas. Intestinal enteroendocrine cellsIntestinal enteroendocrine cells are not clustered together but spread as single cells throughout the intestinal tract.[7] Hormones secreted include somatostatin, motilin, cholecystokinin, neurotensin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and enteroglucagon.[9] K cellK cells secrete gastric inhibitory peptide, an incretin, which also promotes triglyceride storage.[10] L cellL cells secrete glucagon-like peptide-1, an incretin, peptide YY3-36, oxyntomodulin and glucagon-like peptide-2. L cells are primarily found in the ileum and large intestine (colon), but some are also found in the duodenum and jejunum.[11] I cellI cells secrete cholecystokinin (CCK), and are located in the duodenum and jejunum. They modulate bile secretion, exocrine pancreas secretion, and satiety.[12] G cellStomach enteroendocrine cells, which release gastrin, and stimulate gastric acid secretion.[13] Enterochromaffin cellEnterochromaffin cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells with a close similarity to adrenomedullary chromaffin cells secreting serotonin.[14]Enterochromaffin-like cellEnterochromaffin-like cells or ECL cells are a type of neuroendocrine cell secreting histamine. N cellLocated in the jejunum, N cells release neurotensin, and control smooth muscle contraction.[15] S cellS cells secrete secretin from the duodenum and jejunum, and stimulate exocrine pancreatic secretion.[12] D cellalso called Delta cells, secrete somatostatin Mo cell (or M cell)
Gastric enteroendocrine cellsGastric enteroendocrine cells are found in the gastric glands, mostly at their base. The G cells secrete gastrin, post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve can release gastrin-releasing peptide during parasympathetic stimulation to stimulate secretion. Enterochromaffin-like cells are enteroendocrine and neuroendocrine cells also known for their similarity to chromaffin cells secreting histamine, which stimulates G cells to secrete gastrin. Other hormones produced include cholecystokinin, somatostatin, vasoactive intestinal peptide, substance P, alpha and gamma-endorphin.[9][18] Pancreatic enteroendocrine cellsPancreatic enteroendocrine cells are located in the islets of Langerhans and produce most importantly the hormones insulin and glucagon. The autonomous nervous system strongly regulates their secretion, with parasympathetic stimulation stimulating insulin secretion and inhibiting glucagon secretion and sympathetic stimulation having opposite effect.[19] Other hormones produced include somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, amylin and ghrelin. Clinical significanceRare and slow growing carcinoid and non-carcinoid tumors develop from these cells. When a tumor arises it has the capacity to secrete large volumes of hormones.[2][20] HistoryThe very discovery of hormones occurred during studies of how the digestive system regulates its activities, as explained at Secretin § Discovery. See also
References1. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Rehfeld JF | title = The new biology of gastrointestinal hormones | journal = Physiological Reviews | volume = 78 | issue = 4 | pages = 1087–108 | date = October 1998 | pmid = 9790570 | doi = 10.1152/physrev.1998.78.4.1087 | url = http://physrev.physiology.org/content/78/4/1087.full }} 2. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Solcia E, Capella C, Buffa R, Usellini L, Fiocca R, Frigerio B, Tenti P, Sessa F | title = The diffuse endocrine-paracrine system of the gut in health and disease: ultrastructural features | journal = Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. Supplement | volume = 70 | pages = 25–36 | year = 1981 | pmid = 6118945 }} 3. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ahlman H | title = The gut as the largest endocrine organ in the body | journal = Annals of Oncology | volume = 12 Suppl 2 | issue = suppl 2 | pages = S63–8 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11762354 | doi = 10.1093/annonc/12.suppl_2.s63 | url = http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/12/suppl_2/S63.full.pdf }} 4. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Schonhoff SE, Giel-Moloney M, Leiter AB | title = Minireview: Development and differentiation of gut endocrine cells | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 145 | issue = 6 | pages = 2639–44 | date = June 2004 | pmid = 15044355 | doi = 10.1210/en.2004-0051 | url = http://endo.endojournals.org/content/145/6/2639.long }} 5. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Moran GW, Leslie FC, Levison SE, Worthington J, McLaughlin JT | title = Enteroendocrine cells: neglected players in gastrointestinal disorders? | journal = Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | pages = 51–60 | date = July 2008 | pmid = 21180514 | pmc = 3002486 | doi = 10.1177/1756283X08093943 }} 6. ^{{Citation |last=Hayes |first=A. Wallace |year=2007 |title=Principles and Methods of Toxicology |edition=5th, revised |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=9781420005424 |page=1547 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2IXMBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1547#v=onepage&q&f=false |postscript=.}} 7. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Sternini C, Anselmi L, Rozengurt E | title = Enteroendocrine cells: a site of 'taste' in gastrointestinal chemosensing | journal = Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity | volume = 15 | issue = 1 | pages = 73–8 | date = February 2008 | pmid = 18185066 | pmc = 2943060 | doi = 10.1097/MED.0b013e3282f43a73 }} 8. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Sternini C | title = Taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. IV. Functional implications of bitter taste receptors in gastrointestinal chemosensing | journal = American Journal of Physiology. Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology | volume = 292 | issue = 2 | pages = G457–61 | date = February 2007 | pmid = 17095755 | doi = 10.1152/ajpgi.00411.2006 }} 9. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Krause WJ, Yamada J, Cutts JH | title = Quantitative distribution of enteroendocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the adult opossum, Didelphis virginiana | journal = Journal of Anatomy | volume = 140 ( Pt 4) | issue = 4 | pages = 591–605 | date = June 1985 | pmid = 4077699 | pmc = 1165084 }} 10. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Parker HE, Habib AM, Rogers GJ, Gribble FM, Reimann F | title = Nutrient-dependent secretion of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide from primary murine K cells | journal = Diabetologia | volume = 52 | issue = 2 | pages = 289–298 | date = February 2009 | pmid = 19082577 | pmc = 4308617 | doi = 10.1007/s00125-008-1202-x }} 11. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Drucker DJ, Nauck MA | title = The incretin system: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes | journal = Lancet | volume = 368 | issue = 9548 | pages = 1696–705 | date = November 2006 | pmid = 17098089 | doi = 10.1016/s0140-6736(06)69705-5 | url = http://ww.novonordisk.com/images/diabetes/Liraglutide/Drucker-and-Nauck-Lancet-2006.pdf }} 12. ^1 {{cite journal | vauthors = Brubaker PL | title = A beautiful cell (or two or three?) | journal = Endocrinology | volume = 153 | issue = 7 | pages = 2945–8 | date = July 2012 | pmid = 22730282 | doi = 10.1210/en.2012-1549 }} 13. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Friis-Hansen L, Sundler F, Li Y, Gillespie PJ, Saunders TL, Greenson JK, Owyang C, Rehfeld JF, Samuelson LC | title = Impaired gastric acid secretion in gastrin-deficient mice | journal = The American Journal of Physiology | volume = 274 | issue = 3 Pt 1 | pages = G561–8 | date = March 1998 | pmid = 9530158 }} 14. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Ormsbee HS, Fondacaro JD | title = Action of serotonin on the gastrointestinal tract | journal = Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine | volume = 178 | issue = 3 | pages = 333–8 | date = March 1985 | pmid = 3919396 }} 15. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kitabgi P, Freychet P | title = Effects of neurotensin on isolated intestinal smooth muscles | journal = European Journal of Pharmacology | volume = 50 | issue = 4 | pages = 349–57 | date = August 1978 | pmid = 699961 | doi = 10.1016/0014-2999(78)90140-1 }} 16. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zZINAEddjA0C&pg=PA357&dq=mo+cell+motilin|title=Neuropeptide Function in the Gastrointestinal Tract|last=Daniel|first=Edwin E.|date=1990-12-11|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9780849361586|language=en}} 17. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Goswami C, Shimada Y, Yoshimura M, Mondal A, Oda S, Tanaka T, Sakai T, Sakata I | title = Motilin Stimulates Gastric Acid Secretion in Coordination with Ghrelin in Suncus murinus | journal = PLOS One | volume = 10 | issue = 6 | pages = e0131554 | date = 2015-06-26 | pmid = 26115342 | pmc = 4482737 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0131554 | bibcode = 2015PLoSO..1031554G }} 18. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Zverkov IV, Vinogradov VA, Smagin VG | title = [Endorphin-containing cells in the gastric antral mucosa in duodenal ulcer] | journal = Biulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii I Meditsiny | volume = 96 | issue = 10 | pages = 32–4 | date = October 1983 | pmid = 6194833 }} 19. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Kiba T | title = Relationships between the autonomic nervous system and the pancreas including regulation of regeneration and apoptosis: recent developments | journal = Pancreas | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = e51–8 | date = August 2004 | pmid = 15257115 | doi = 10.1097/00006676-200408000-00019 }} 20. ^{{cite journal | vauthors = Warner RR | title = Enteroendocrine tumors other than carcinoid: a review of clinically significant advances | journal = Gastroenterology | volume = 128 | issue = 6 | pages = 1668–84 | date = May 2005 | pmid = 15887158 | doi = 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.078 }} External links
4 : Endocrine system|Animal cells|Stomach|Secretory cells |
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