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词条 Environmental issues in Iran
释义

  1. See also

  2. References

  3. External links

Environmental issues in Iran include, especially in urban areas, vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents which contribute to poor air quality. Most cars use leaded gas and lack emissions control equipment.[1] Tehran is rated as one of the world’s most polluted cities. However, buses and cars running on natural gas are planned to replace the existing public transportation fleet in the future. Also, energy prices are kept artificially low in Iran through heavy state subsidies, resulting in highly inefficient and polluting consumption patterns.[2][3] Traffic management, vehicle inspection, general use of electric bicycles and electronic government are also part of the solution.[4]

A rising incidence of respiratory illnesses prompted the city governments of Tehran and Arak, southwest of the capital, to institute air pollution control programs. These programs aim to reduce gradually the amount of harmful chemicals released into the atmosphere.[5]

Much of Iran’s territory suffers from overgrazing, desertification and/or deforestation. Industrial and urban wastewater runoff has contaminated rivers, coastal and underground waters.[6] Wetlands and bodies of fresh water increasingly are being destroyed as industry and agriculture expand, and oil and chemical spills have harmed aquatic life in the Persian Gulf and the Caspian Sea.[7] Iran contends that the international rush to develop oil and gas reserves in the Caspian Sea presents that region with a new set of environmental threats.[8] Although a Department of Environment has existed since 1971, Iran has not yet developed a policy of sustainable development because short term economic goals have taken precedence.[9]

The World Bank estimates losses inflicted on Iran’s economy as a result of deaths caused by air pollution at $640 million, which is equal to 5.1 trillion rials or 0.57 percent of GDP.[10] Diseases resulting from air pollution are inflicting losses estimated at $260 million per year or 2.1 trillion rials or 0.23 percent of the GDP on Iran’s economy. A report by the United Nations Environment Programme ranked Iran at 117th place among 133 countries in terms of environmental indexes.[11][12]

Major Environmental Agreements
  • Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands and Paris Agreement.[13]
  • Signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification, Law of the Sea, Marine Life Conservation.[13]
Natural hazards: periodic droughts, floods; dust storms, sandstorms; earthquakes along western border and in the northeast.[13]Environment - current issues: air pollution, especially in urban areas, from vehicle emissions, refinery operations, and industrial effluents; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification; oil pollution in the Persian Gulf; wetland losses from drought; soil degradation (salination); inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution from raw sewage and industrial waste; urbanization.[13] Iran ranked worst in the world for soil erosion in 2011.[14]Garbage/waste disposal: An estimated 50,000 tons of trash is produced in the country every day of which something between 70 and 80 percent is disposed of hygienically but the rest is not.[15] Iran produces over 8 million tons of hazardous waste annually (2016).[16]

See also

{{portal|Iran|Environment}}
  • Environmental issues in Tehran
  • Department of Environment, Iran
  • Automotive industry in Iran
  • Economy of Iran
  • Energy in Iran
  • Geography of Iran
  • Iranian Economic Reform Plan
  • International rankings of Iran
  • Air pollution in Iran
  • Wildlife of Iran
  • Water supply and sanitation in Iran

References

1. ^Iran Daily - Domestic Economy - 07/01/07 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080506083012/http://iran-daily.com/1386/2880/html/economy.htm |date=2008-05-06 }}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000332/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.htm|archivedate=2007-09-28|title=Atieh Bahar|date=28 September 2007|publisher=}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3313/html/economy.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-19 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318162410/http://www.iran-daily.com/1387/3313/html/economy.htm |archivedate=2009-03-18 |df= }}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kx3j6U9Z9Ok|title=YouTube|website=www.youtube.com}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/apr/1027.html|title=Iran Pharmaceuticals and Healthcare Report Q2|website=www.payvand.com}}
6. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=105853§ionid=351020103 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2009-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090912045122/http://www.presstv.com/detail.aspx?id=105853§ionid=351020103 |archive-date=2009-09-12 |dead-url=yes |df= }}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/MENAEXT/IRANEXTN/0,,menuPK:312966~pagePK:141132~piPK:141107~theSitePK:312943,00.html|title=Iran - Country Brief|website=web.worldbank.org}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/10/apr/1289.html|title=Iran environment in grave danger|website=www.payvand.com}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-e-sabz.org/news/iranenv.html|title=Green Party of Iran - News|website=www.iran-e-sabz.org}}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1385/2798/html/index.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-11-22 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071115065256/http://www.nitc.co.ir/iran-daily/1385/2798/html/index.htm |archivedate=2007-11-15 |df= }}
11. ^Iran Daily - Front Page - 03/06/07
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/09/oct/1280.html|title=Iran Environment in Grave Danger|website=www.payvand.com}}
13. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2012-12-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html |archivedate=2012-02-03 |df= }}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/apr/1160.html|title=Iran ranked worst in the world for soil erosion: expert|website=www.payvand.com}}
15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/apr/1238.html|title=Every Iranian produces 700 grams of garbage per day|website=www.payvand.com}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/52093/hazardous-waste-production-alarming|title=Hazardous Waste Production Alarming|date=23 October 2016|publisher=}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20070619050935/http://www.irandoe.org/ Department of Environment - Islamic Republic of Iran]
  • {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000332/http://www.atiehbahar.com/Resources/Environment.htm |date=September 28, 2007 |title=Environment in Iran - Brief Sector Study }} (2003)
  • [https://archive.is/20120803091645/www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Iran/Profile.html US Dept. of Energy] - Environment Overview for Iran
  • Iran: Environment and Nature
  • First Iranian site covering environmental news
Videos
  • Iran's Environment in Danger - PressTV video (2010)
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3 : Environmental issues in Iran|Environmental issues by country|Climate change in Iran
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