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词条 Cessna 152
释义

  1. Development

  2. Design

     Powerplant  Airframe  Flying controls  Landing gear  Modifications  Tailwheel landing gear  STOL kits  Engine  Other modifications 

  3. Variants

  4. Operators

     Civilian operators  Military operators 

  5. Incidents and accidents

  6. Specifications (Cessna 152)

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{short description|Two-seat tricycle gear general aviation airplane}}
name=Cessna 152image=G-BRNE-Cessna152.jpgcaption=Cessna 152

}}{{Infobox aircraft type

type= Basic trainer,
GA private aircraft		manufacturer=Cessnadesigner=first flight=introduced=1977retired=status=primary user=more users=produced=1977–1985number built=7,584unit cost=developed from=Cessna 150}

The Cessna 152 is an American two-seat, fixed tricycle gear, general aviation airplane, used primarily for flight training and personal use. It was based on the earlier Cessna 150, including a number of minor design changes and a slightly more powerful engine running on 100LL aviation gasoline.

The Cessna 152 has been out of production for more than thirty years, but there are still a large number of aircraft in flying condition. Due to the aircraft's durability many examples have flown more than 15,000 hours and over 60,000 landings and are still in regular use for flight training.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

Development

First delivered in 1977 as the 1978 model year, the 152 was a modernization of the proven Cessna 150 design. The 152 was intended to compete with the new Beechcraft Skipper and Piper Tomahawk, both of which were introduced the same year.[1] Additional design goals were to improve useful load through a gross weight increase to 1670 lbs (757 kg), decrease internal and external noise levels and run better on the then newly introduced 100LL fuel.[1]

As with the 150, the great majority of 152s were built at the Cessna factory in Wichita, Kansas. A number of aircraft were also built by Reims Aviation of France and given the designation F152/FA152.[2]

Production of the 152 was ended in 1985 when Cessna ended production of all of their light aircraft; by that time, a total of 7,584 examples of the 152, including A152 and FA152 Aerobat aerobatic variants, had been built worldwide.

In 2007 Cessna announced that it would build a light sport successor, designated the Model 162 Skycatcher,[3] although production ended in 2013.

Design

Powerplant

All Cessna 152s were manufactured with a Lycoming O-235 engine which has been in production since 1942. The Lycoming provided not only an increase in engine power over the Cessna 150, but also was more compatible with the newer 100LL low lead fuel.[2]

Cessna 152s produced between 1977 and 1982 were equipped with Lycoming O-235-L2C engines producing 110 hp (82 kW) at 2550 rpm. This engine still suffered some lead-fouling problems in service. In 1983 it was succeeded by the {{convert|108|hp|abbr=on}} O-235-N2C which featured a different piston design and a redesigned combustion chamber to reduce this problem. The N2C engine was used until 152 production ended in 1985.[2]

Airframe

The airframe is mainly of metal construction. being primarily of 2024-T3 aluminum alloy with riveted skin. Components such as wingtips and fairings are made from glass-reinforced plastic. The fuselage is a semi-monocoque with vertical bulkheads and frames joined by longerons running the length of the fuselage. The wings are of a strut-braced design and have a 1 degree dihedral angle. The tapered (outboard) portion of each wing has one degree of washout (the chord of the tip section has one degree lower angle of attack than the chord at the end of the constant-width section). This allows greater aileron effectiveness during a stall.[4]

The 1978 model has a one piece cowling nose bowl that requires removing the propeller to remove it. The 1979 model introduced a split-nose cowling nose bowl that can be removed without removing the propeller.[5]

Flying controls

Dual controls are available as optional equipment on the Cessna 152[4] and almost all 152s have this option installed.

The Cessna 152 is equipped with differential ailerons that move through 20 degrees upwards and 15 degrees downwards. It has single-slotted flaps which are electrically operated and deploy to a maximum of 30 degrees. The rudder can move 23 degrees to either side and is fitted with a ground-adjustable trim tab. The elevators move up through 25 degrees and down through 18 degrees. An adjustable trim tab is installed on the right elevator and is controlled by a small wheel in the center of the control console. The trim tab moves 10 degrees up and 20 degrees down relative to the elevator chordline.[4]

Landing gear

The Cessna 152 is equipped with fixed tricycle landing gear. The main gear has tubular steel legs surrounded by a full-length fairing with a step for access to the cabin. The main gear has a 7 ft 7 in (2.3 m) wheelbase.[2]

The nosewheel is connected to the engine mount and has an oleo strut to dampen and absorb normal operating loads. The nosewheel is steerable through eight degrees either side of neutral and can castor under differential braking up to 30 degrees. It is connected to the rudder pedals through a spring linkage.[4]

The braking system consists of single disc brake assemblies fitted to the main gear and operated by a hydraulic system. Brakes are operated by pushing on the top portion of the rudder pedals. It is possible to use differential braking when taxiing and this allows very tight turns to be made.[4]

The 152 is also fitted with a parking brake system. It is applied by depressing both toe brakes and then pulling the "Park Brake" lever to the pilot’s left. The toe brakes are then released but pressure is maintained in the system thereby leaving both brakes engaged.[4]

The standard tires used are 600 X 6 on the main gear and 500 X 5 on the nosewheel.[2]

Modifications

There are hundreds of modifications available for the Cessna 152. The most frequently installed include:

Tailwheel landing gear

Taildragger conversions such as the 'Texas Taildragger' conversion are available and have been fitted to some 152s. It involves strengthening the fuselage for the main gear being moved further forward, removing the nosewheel and strengthening the tail area for the tailwheel. This greatly improves short field performance and is claimed to give up to a {{convert|10|kn|km/h|abbr=on}} cruise speed increase.[6][7]

STOL kits

The wings can be modified using a number of STOL modification kits, some improving high speed/cruise performance but most concentrating on STOL performance. Horton's STOL kit is one of the better-known of the latter. It involves fitting a more cambered leading edge cuff to increase the maximum coefficient of lift, fitting fences at the aileron/flap intersection and fitting drooped wingtips. Stalls with these modifications are almost off the airspeed indicator, since instrument error is high at high angles of attack.[6][7] It has been said that landings can be achieved in two fuselage lengths with the kit installed in addition to a taildragger modification, by balancing power against drag.[7] Takeoff performance is also improved by varying degrees depending on the surface.

Engine

The engine's power can be increased by various modifications, such as the Sparrow Hawk power package, increasing it to {{convert|125|hp|abbr=on}}.[6][7] The disadvantage of the Sparrow Hawk conversion is that it uses pistons from the O-235-F series engine and therefore the engine recommended time between overhauls is reduced from 2,400 hours to 2,000 hours.[8]

Other modifications

Other popular modifications include:

  • Flap gap seals to reduce drag and increase rate of climb.[6]
  • Different wingtips, some of which claim various cruise speed increases and stall speed reductions.[6]
  • Auto fuel STCs, which permit the use of automobile fuel instead of the more expensive aviation fuel.
  • Auxiliary fuel tanks for greater range.[6]
  • Door catches to replace the factory ones that often fail in service.[6]
  • Belly fuel drain valves to drain fuel from the lowest point in the fuel system.[6]

Variants

152
Two-seat light touring aircraft, fitted with a fixed tricycle landing gear, powered by a 110-hp (82-kW) Lycoming O-235-L2C piston engine, 6628 built. Available with a number of avionic options, aside from the standard Model 152 there was a 152 II with an enhanced package of standard avionics and trim features. The 152 II with Nav Pac included more standard avionics for IFR use. The 152T was a standard option package for use by flying schools, the "T" indicating "trainer" and not a sub-model.[2] Type approved in 1977 and produced as 1978 to 1985 model years.
A152 Aerobat
Two-seat aerobatic-capable aircraft, 315 built. Certified for +6/-3 Gs and had standard four-point harnesses, skylights and jettisonable doors, along with a checkerboard paint scheme and removable seat cushions to allow parachutes to be worn by the crew.[2][1] Type approved in 1977 and produced as 1978 to 1985 model years. The following aerobatic maneuvers are approved: chandelles, steep turns, barrel rolls, snap rolls, loops, vertical reversements, lazy eights, spins, aileron rolls, Immelmann turns, Cuban Eights and stalls (except whip stalls).
F152
Reims-built Model 152, 552 built.
FA152 Aerobat
Reims-built Model A152, 89 built.

Operators

Civilian operators

The 152 is popular with flight training organizations and is also widely operated by private individuals.

Military operators

{{ARG}}
  • Argentine National Gendarmerie operated three from 2004.[9]
{{BAN}}
  • Bangladesh Army four A152 Aerobat procured in 1982[10]
{{BOL}}
  • Bolivian Air Force - 12 in service as of 1987.[11]
{{BOT}}
  • Botswana Defence Force Air Wing two A152[12]
{{GAB}}
  • Gabonese Air Force one F152[13]
{{LES}}
  • Lesotho Defence Force one A152[14]
{{MEX}}
  • Mexican Navy operated seven from 1979[15]

Incidents and accidents

  • On 9 May 1989, a man who had murdered his ex-wife earlier that evening stole a Cessna 152T at gunpoint from an employee at Beverly Municipal Airport. During the flight, which lasted over three hours, Alfred James Hunter III fired an assault rifle at the ground below, buzzed the South Postal Annex in Boston several times, and briefly touched down at Logan International Airport before taking off again. He was arrested when he finally landed with just five minutes worth of fuel remaining.[16]
  • On 24 May 2001, a Cessna 152 violated Israeli airspace and was shot down by an IDAF AH-64 Apache. Estephan Nicolian, a Lebanese student pilot, was shot down after ignoring repeated warnings by Israeli ATC to turn back. This is one of the two only known operational air-to-air kills using an AGM-114 Hellfire missile.[17][18]

Specifications (Cessna 152)

{{aircraft specifications
|plane or copter?=plane
|jet or prop?=prop
|ref=Cessna 152 Pilot's Operating Handbook[4]
|crew=one pilot
|capacity= one passenger
|length main=24 ft 1 in
|length alt=7.3 m
|span main=33 ft 4 in
|span alt=10.2 m
|height main=8 ft 6 in
|height alt=2.6 m
|area main=160 ft²
|area alt=14.9 m²
|empty weight main=1,081 lb
|empty weight alt=490 kg
|loaded weight main=
|loaded weight alt=
|max takeoff weight main= 1,670 lb
|max takeoff weight alt= 757 kg
|engine (prop)=Lycoming O-235-L2C
|type of prop=flat-4 engine
|number of props=1
|power main=110 hp
|power alt=82 kW
|power more=driving a 69-inch (175 cm), two-blade, fixed-pitch McCauley propeller or a 72-inch, two-blade, fixed-pitch Sensenich propeller
|max speed main=126 mph
|max speed alt=110 knots, 204 km/h
|cruise speed main=123 mph
|cruise speed alt=107 knots, 198 km/h
|stall speed main=49 mph
|stall speed alt=43 knots, 79 km/h
|stall speed more=unpowered, flaps down
  • Takeoff roll: 725 ft (221 m)

|range main=477 mi
|range alt=414 nm, 768 km
|range more=
  • Extended range 795 mi (690 nm, 1,280 km) with long-range tanks

|ceiling main=14,700 ft
|ceiling alt=4,480 m
|climb rate main=715 ft/min
|climb rate alt=3.6 m/s
|max loading main=10.44 lb/ft²
|max loading alt=51 kg/m²
|max power/mass main=.066 hp/lb
|max power/mass alt= 108 W/kg
}}

See also

{{Portal|Aviation}}{{aircontent
|related =
  • Cessna 140
  • Cessna 150
  • Cessna 162
  • Cessna 172

|similar aircraft =
  • Alpha 2000 (Robin R2000)
  • Beechcraft Skipper
  • Diamond DA20
  • Grumman American AA-1
  • Liberty XL2
  • Piper Tomahawk
  • Symphony SA-160

|lists =
  • List of aircraft
  • List of civil aircraft
  • List of most produced aircraft

|see also =
}}

References

1. ^1 {{Citation | newspaper = Plane and Pilot | title = 1978 Aircraft Directory | page = 23 | publisher = Werner & Werner | place = Santa Monica, CA | year = 1977 | ISBN = 0-918312-00-0}}.
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Citation | last = Clarke | first = William ‘Bill’ | title = Cessna 150 and 152 | edition = 1st | pages = 26–95 | publisher = TAB Books | year = 1987 | ISBN = 0-8306-9022-0}}.
3. ^{{cite web | type = press release | url = http://www.cessna.com/news/article.chtml?ID=OLfDUtl3WHhXrd7RDbcK3ISyhlXGjLXAfkdDyaluhsFbGkjoho | title = Cessna Announces Light Sport Aircraft Details | date = 2007-07-22 | publisher = Cessna Aircraft | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070825061734/http://cessna.com/news/article.chtml?ID=OLfDUtl3WHhXrd7RDbcK3ISyhlXGjLXAfkdDyaluhsFbGkjoho | archivedate = 2007-08-25 | df = }}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Cessna Aircraft Company: 1978 Cessna 152 Pilot's Operating Handbook Change 1, pp. 7-3 to 7-33. Cessna Aircraft Company, Wichita, Kansas, 1977.
5. ^Phillips, Edward H.: Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III, p. 12, Flying Books, 1986. {{ISBN|0-911139-05-2}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clarke, Bill: Cessna 150 and 152 first edition, pp. 197-212. TAB Books, 1987. {{ISBN|0-8306-9022-0}}.
7. ^1 2 3 Grimstead, Bob: Texas Taildragger 152, pp. 14-22. Pilot Magazine UK, January 2007.
8. ^Lycoming, "Lycoming Service Instruction No. 1009AU" {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130102174356/http://www.lycoming.com/support/publications/service-instructions/pdfs/SI1009AU.pdf |date=January 2, 2013 }}.Lycoming, November 18, 2009.
9. ^{{cite web |author=Chris Thornburg |url=http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/argentina/arg.html |title=World Air Forces Argentina Air Force |publisher=Worldairforces.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704135108/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/argentina/arg.html |archivedate=2013-07-04 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.bdmilitary.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=256&Itemid=108 |title= Cessna 152 Basic Training Aircraft |work= Asia Pacific Defence Solutions Group |year= 2009 |accessdate= 2009-02-23}}
11. ^Siegrist 1987, pp. 175, 194.
12. ^Andrade 1982, p. 28.
13. ^Andrade 1982, p. 77.
14. ^Andrade 1982, p. 147.
15. ^{{cite web |author=Chris Thornburg |url=http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/mexico/mex.html |title=World Air Forces Mexico Air Force |publisher=Worldairforces.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030050/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/mexico/mex.html |archivedate=2012-01-25 |df= }}
16. ^{{cite news|title=Man kills wife, steals plane|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UtdMAAAAIBAJ&sjid=VYEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=3690,2706201|accessdate=12 August 2011|newspaper=Associated Press|date=May 10, 1989}}
17. ^{{Cite news |url= http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/1,7340,L-761410,00.html |title= Lebanese Cessna plane was shot down over the trawl (Hebrew language) |last= Horesh |first= Amikam, Sharon Roffe, Jonathan Lis, Raanan Ben-Zur and Ali Waked.|authorlink= |date= July 2011 |work= Yedioth Internet |accessdate = 31 July 2011}}
18. ^{{Cite news |url=http://www.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/05/24/israel.plane.02/|title=Israel shoots down Lebanese civilian plane |last=|authorlink=|date=May 24, 2001|work=Cable News Network (CNN) |accessdate= 27 July 2017}}

}}
  • {{cite book | last= Andrade | first= John | title= US Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909| year = 1979 | publisher =Midland Counties Publications|isbn= 0-904597-22-9}}
  • {{cite book | last= Phillips| first= Edward H.| title= Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III| year = 1986| publisher =Flying Books|isbn= 0-911139-05-2}}
  • {{cite magazine|last=Siegrist|first=Martin|title=Bolivian Air Power — 70 Years On|magazine=Air International|date=October 1987|volume=33|issue=4|pages=170–176, 194|issn=0306-5634}}
  • {{cite book | last= Simpson | first = RW | title = Airlife's General Aviation| year= 1991 | publisher = Airlife Publishing | location = England, UK |isbn= 1-85310-194-X}}

External links

{{Commons category}}
  • Cessna 150 & 152 page on Airliners.net
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130210171048/http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A20070077000 "Cessna 152 Aerobat"], Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum.
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20120425001015/http://www.cessna.org/documents/public_info/samplemodel.pdf Cessna 150/152 Model History]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20130927094646/http://www.cessnaowner.org/150.html Cessna 150: The Generic Trainer]
{{Cessna}}

6 : Cessna aircraft|High-wing aircraft|Single-engined tractor aircraft|United States civil trainer aircraft 1970–1979|United States civil utility aircraft 1970–1979|Aircraft first flown in 1976
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