| 词条 | Epipedobates machalilla |
| 释义 |
| status = NT | status_system = IUCN3.1 | status_ref = [1] | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Chordata | classis = Amphibia | ordo = Anura | familia = Dendrobatidae | genus = Epipedobates | species = E. machalilla | binomial = Epipedobates machalilla | binomial_authority = Coloma, 1995 | synonyms =
DescriptionEpipedobates machalilla has a snout-vent length of {{convert|14.4|to|16|mm}} for males and {{convert|15.0|to|17.6|mm}} for females. Their heads are longer than they are wide, and the tympanum is small. The forelimbs have a moderate length and the fingers are unwebbed. The toes do not have lateral fringes and the terminal discs are expanded. It is dark-coffee in colour with a gold iris and cream ventral surfaces.[2]BiologyThe mating system of the Epipedobates machalilla includes cephalic amplexus. The female will produce around 15 eggs which are left on the ground or under leaves. The female will then leave, and the male will protect the development of the embryos and carry the larvae. When the tadpoles hatch (around 20 days after fertilization occurs), the male will take the tadpoles to riverbanks or pools of water so metamorphosis and growth can take place.[2] Epipedobates machalilla displays a cryptic phenotype despite being in the aposematic genus Epipedobates and likely lost an aposematic trait that evolved when Epipedobates first diverged. However, it is believed that with the high intra-specific phenotypic diversity observed within poison frogs and the role of diet in toxicity that there could be chemically defended E. machalilla populations.[4][5]DistributionEpipedobates machalilla is endemic to West Ecuador, where it lives in dry and low forests.[2][3] It mainly occurs in Azogues, Bolívar, El Oro, Guayas, Los Rios and Manabí and has been seen in the Choco rainforest. The species occurs at altitudes between {{convert|10|and|515|m|ft}}.[2] Recently, the population has been declining due to agriculture and logging, which has caused IUCN to class the species as Near Threatened.[3]References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.arkive.org/epipedobates/epipedobates-machalilla/|title=Epipedobates machalilla|publisher=ARKive|year=2012|accessdate=7 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306064258/http://www.arkive.org/epipedobates/epipedobates-machalilla/|archive-date=2014-03-06|dead-url=yes|df=}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q3022253}}2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://amphibiaweb.org/cgi/amphib_query?where-genus=Epipedobates&where-species=machalilla|title=Epipedobates machalilla|publisher=AmphibiaWeb|year=2013|accessdate=6 August 2013}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/55107/0|title=Epipedobates machalilla|publisher=IUCN Red List|year=2004|accessdate=6 August 2013}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Tarvin|first=Rebecca D.|last2=Powell|first2=Emily A.|last3=Santos|first3=Juan C.|last4=Ron|first4=Santiago R.|last5=Cannatella|first5=David C.|date=April 2017|title=The birth of aposematism: High phenotypic divergence and low genetic diversity in a young clade of poison frogs|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1055790316304729|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=109|pages=283–295|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.035|issn=1055-7903}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Darst|first=Catherine R.|last2=Menéndez‐Guerrero|first2=Pablo A.|last3=Coloma|first3=Luis A.|last4=Cannatella|first4=David C.|date=January 2005|title=Evolution of Dietary Specialization and Chemical Defense in Poison Frogs (Dendrobatidae): A Comparative Analysis|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2F10.1086%2F426599|journal=The American Naturalist|language=en|volume=165|issue=1|pages=56–69|doi=10.1086/426599|issn=0003-0147}} 4 : Epipedobates|Amphibians of Ecuador|Amphibians described in 1995|Taxonomy articles created by Polbot |
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