1. In mathematics

2. In science
    Astronomy 

3. In religion
    Sumerian  Judaism  Christianity  Islam  Yazidism  Funerary customs  Hinduism 

4. In entertainment

5. In sports

6. In other fields

7. References

8. External links

40 (forty) is the natural number following 39 and preceding 41.

Though the word is related to "four" (4), the spelling "forty" replaced "fourty" in the course of the 17th century^[1][2] and is now the standard form.

In mathematics

• Forty is a composite number, an octagonal number,^[3] and as the sum of the first four pentagonal numbers, it is a pentagonal pyramidal number.^[4] Adding up some subsets of its divisors (e.g., 1, 4, 5, 10 and 20) gives 40, hence 40 is a semiperfect number.^[5]
• Given 40, the Mertens function returns 0.^[6] 40 is the smallest number n with exactly 9 solutions to the equation φ(x) = n.
• Forty is the number of n-queens problem solutions for n = 7.
• 40 is a repdigit in base 3 (1111, i.e. 3⁰ + 3¹ + 3² + 3³) and a Harshad number in base 10.^[7]

In science

• The atomic number of zirconium.
• Negative forty is the unique temperature at which the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales correspond; that is, −40 °F = −40 °C. It is referred to as either "minus forty" or "forty below".

Astronomy

• Messier object M40, a magnitude 9.0 double star in the constellation Ursa Major
• The New General Catalogue object NGC 40, a magnitude 12.4 planetary nebula in the constellation Cepheus

In religion

The number 40 is found in many traditions without any universal explanation for its use. In Jewish, Christian, Islamic, and other Middle Eastern traditions it is taken to represent a large, approximate number, similar to "umpteen".

Sumerian

• Enki ( /ˈɛŋki/) or Enkil (Sumerian: dEN.KI(G)𒂗𒆠) is a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. He was originally patron god of the city of Eridu, but later the influence of his cult spread throughout Mesopotamia and to the Canaanites, Hittites and Hurrians. He was the deity of crafts (gašam); mischief; water, seawater, lake water (a, aba, ab), intelligence (gestú, literally "ear") and creation (Nudimmud: nu, likeness, dim mud, make bear). He was associated with the southern band of constellations called stars of Ea, but also with the constellation AŠ-IKU, the Field (Square of Pegasus). Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40," occasionally referred to as his "sacred number."

A large number of myths about Enki have been collected from many sites, stretching from Southern Iraq to the Levantine coast. He figures in the earliest extant cuneiform inscriptions throughout the region and was prominent from the third millennium down to Hellenistic times.

The exact meaning of his name is uncertain: the common translation is "Lord of the Earth": the Sumerian en is translated as a title equivalent to "lord"; it was originally a title given to the High Priest; ki means "earth"; but there are theories that ki in this name has another origin, possibly kig of unknown meaning, or kur meaning "mound". The name Ea is allegedly Hurrian in origin while others claim that it is possibly of Semitic origin and may be a derivation from the West-Semitic root *hyy meaning "life" in this case used for "spring", "running water." In Sumerian E-A means "the house of water", and it has been suggested that this was originally the name for the shrine to the God at Eridu.

Judaism

• In the Hebrew Bible, forty is often used for time periods, forty days or forty years, which separate "two distinct epochs".^[8]
• Rain fell for "forty days and forty nights" during the Flood (Genesis 7:4).
• Spies were sent by Moses to explore the land of Canaan (promised to the children of Israel) for "forty days" (Numbers 13:2, 25).
• The Hebrew people lived in the lands outside of the promised land for "forty years". This period of years represents the time it takes for a new generation to arise (Numbers 32:13).
• Several Jewish leaders and kings are said to have ruled for "forty years", that is, a generation. Examples include Eli (1 Samuel 4:18), Saul (Acts 13:21), David (2 Samuel 5:4), and Solomon (1 Kings 11:42).
• Goliath challenged the Israelites twice a day for forty days before David defeated him (1 Samuel 17:16).
• Moses spent three consecutive periods of "forty days and forty nights" on Mount Sinai:
  1. He went up on the seventh day of Sivan, after God gave the Torah to the Jewish people, in order to learn the Torah from God, and came down on the seventeenth day of Tammuz, when he saw the Jews worshiping the Golden Calf and broke the tablets (Deuteronomy 9:11).
  2. He went up on the eighteenth day of Tammuz to beg forgiveness for the people's sin and came down without God's atonement on the twenty-ninth day of Av (Deuteronomy 9:25).
  3. He went up on the first day of Elul and came down on the tenth day of Tishrei, the first Yom Kippur, with God's atonement (Deuteronomy 10:10).
  4. A mikvah consists of 40 se'ah (approximately {{Convert|200|USgal|liter|lk=on|abbr=off|sp=us|disp=or}}) of water
  5. The prophet Elijah had to walk 40 days and 40 nights before arriving to mount Horeb (1 Kings 19:8).
  6. 40 lashes is one of the punishments meted out by the Sanhedrin (Deuteronomy 25:3), though in actual practice only 39 lashes were administered.^[9]
  7. (Numbers 14:33–34) alludes to the same{{clarify|date=September 2018}} with ties to the prophecy in The Book of Daniel. "For forty years—one year for each of the forty days you explored the land—you will suffer for your sins and know what it is like to have me against you."
  8. One of the prerequisites for a man to study Kabbalah is that he is forty years old.
  9. "The registering of these men was carried on cruelly, zealously, assiduously, from the rising of the sun to its going down, and was not brought to an end in forty days" (3 Maccabees 4:15).

Christianity

Christianity similarly uses forty to designate important time periods.^[8]

• Before his temptation, Jesus fasted "forty days and forty nights" in the Judean desert (Matthew 4:2, Mark 1:13, Luke 4:2).
• Forty days was the period from the resurrection of Jesus to the ascension of Jesus (Acts 1:3).
• According to Stephen, Moses' life is divided into three 40-year segments, separated by his growing to adulthood, fleeing from Egypt, and his return to lead his people out (Acts 7:23,30,36).
• In modern Christian practice, Lent consists of the 40 days preceding Easter. In much of Western Christianity, Sundays are excluded from the count; in Eastern Christianity, Sundays are included.
• The Forty Martyrs of Sebaste
• Kirk Kilisse, "Forty Churches" (Σαράντα Εκκλησιές) in Eastern Thrace
• Rain fell for "forty days and forty nights" during the Flood (Genesis 7:4).

Islam

• Muhammad was forty years old when he first received the revelation delivered by the archangel Gabriel.
• Masih ad-Dajjal roams around the Earth in forty days, the first day length is like one year, the second day is like one month, the third day is like one week and the next day (until 40th day) is like one day.
• God forbade the Fasiqun (the non-believers) from entering the Holy Land for 40 years to separate them from Musa (Moses) and his brother.^[10]
• Musa (Moses) spent 40 days on Mount Sinai where he received the 10 commandments.^[11]
• On the 40th verse (ayat) of the 2nd chapter of the Quran (Al-Baqarah) God changes the topic.
• Forty was the number of days that Prophet Ilyas (Elijah) spent in the wilderness before the angel appeared to him with God's message on Mount Horeb.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
• Forty was the number of days that Prophet Isa was tempted in the desert by Satan.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
• Muhammad praying and fasting in the cave for 40 days.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
• Muhammad then had 40 followers to spread the religion of Islam.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
• Prophets Dawuud and Suleiman each ruled for forty years.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}
• Regarding the flood that Noah encountered, it is said that for forty days water continued to pour from the heavens and to stream out over the earth.{{Citation needed|date=November 2012}}

Yazidism

• In the Yazidi faith, The Chermera Temple (meaning "40 Men" in the Yazidi dialect) is so old that no one remembers how it came to have that name but it is believed to derive from the burial of 40 men on the mountaintop site.

Funerary customs

• Some Russians and Serbs believe that ghosts of the dead linger at the site of their death for forty days. After the forty days, additional prayers are performed at the grave (parastos (парастос) or panihida (панихида)), to escort the soul on its way to God's court.
• Many Christian Filipinos mark the end of the initial mourning period on the fortieth day after death, and have a Mass said. They believe that the soul remains on the earthly plane for forty days before entering the afterlife, recalling how Christ ascended to heaven forty days after his Resurrection.

Hinduism

• In Hinduism, some popular religious prayers consist of forty shlokas or dohas (couplets, stanzas). The most common being the Hanuman Chalisa (chaalis is the Hindi term for 40).

In the Hindu system some of the popular fasting periods consist 40 days and is called the period One 'Mandl kal' Kal means a period and Mandal kal means a period of 40 days. For example, the devotees of Swami Ayyappa, the name of a Hindu god very popular in Kerala, India (Sabarimala Swami Ayyappan) strictly observed forty days fasting and visit (only male devotees are permitted to enter into the god's temple) with their holy submittance or offerings on 41st or a convenient day after a minimum 40 days practice of fasting. The offering is called "Kanikka".

In entertainment

• "#40" is a song by Dave Matthews Band
• "40" is a song by Franz Ferdinand
• "40" is a 1983 song by U2 from their album War, whose lyrics are a modification of Psalm 40
• Crush 40 is an American-Japanese hard rock band featured in Sega's Sonic the Hedgehog franchise with guitarist Jun Senoue and vocalist Johnny Gioeli
• the highest number counted to on Sesame Street {{asof|2009|lc=yes}}^[12]
• the number of positions on several radio countdown programs, notably American Top 40, American Country Countdown, and Rick Dees' Weekly Top 40
• Chefs are given a $40 budget in The Early Show segment "Chef on a Shoestring".
• Noah Shebib, the Canadian hip hop producer is also known as "40".
• "Forty Shades of Green", a song about Ireland, was written and recorded by Johnny Cash in 1961.
• Fortycoats & Co. was an Irish children's TV drama series of the 1980s; the name is based on the nickname of a Dublin tramp, Johnny Fortycoats, of the 1930s.

In sports

• In baseball, each team in Major League Baseball is allowed to have 40 players under major-league contracts at any given time (not including players on the 60-day disabled list). From September 1 to the end of the regular season, teams are allowed to expand their game-day rosters to include the entire 40-man roster.
• In horse racing, the maximum permitted number of runners in the Grand National is 40.
• The 40-yard dash is an important metric in American football scouting.
• In tennis, the number 40 represents the third point gained in a game. A score of 40-40 (three points each) is called "deuce", at which time a player must score two consecutive points to win the game.
• In NASCAR, the number of cars that have run each race in the top-level Cup Series since 2016, and the second-level Xfinity Series since 2013.

In other fields

Forty is also:

• in the saying "Life begins at forty"
• in the expression "forty winks", meaning a short sleep
• in the trademark name of the penetrating oil and water-displacing spray WD-40; "WD-40" is an abbreviation of "Water Displacement, 40th formula".
• the caliber of the bullet in a number of firearms cartridges, most notably the .40 S&W. (The 10mm Auto, although designated as metric caliber, uses the same caliber, and often uses the same bullets.)
• the number of years of marriage celebrated by the ruby wedding anniversary
• the code for direct dial international phone calls to Romania
• the number of spaces in a standard Monopoly game board
• the number of thieves in Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves and in Ali Shar and Zumurrud, from Thousand and One Nights (both the numbers 40 and 1001 are more likely to mean "many" than to indicate a specific number)
• the customary number of hours in a regular workweek in some Western countries
• the number of weeks for an average term of pregnancy, counting from the woman's last menstrual period
• a 40-ounce bottle of malt liquor, referenced in the song "40oz. to Freedom" by Sublime
• The Tessarakonteres, or 40, the largest ship of antiquity, constructed by Ptolemy IV
• Forty is the only integer whose English name has its letters in alphabetical order.
• Forty Foot, a promontory on the southern tip of Dublin Bay, Ireland, from which people have been swimming in the Irish Sea all year round for some 250 years
• After the Civil War, there were plans to offer freed slaves 40 acres and a mule.
• To understand a people, you must live among them for 40 days. ~Arabic proverb^[13][14]
• Quarantine, the practice of isolation to prevent the spread of epidemic disease, derives from a Venetian dialect of the Italian 'quaranta giorni' meaning 'forty days', the period that ships were required to be isolated before passengers and crew could go ashore during the Black Death.
• To qualify for retirement benefits under Social Security (United States), a person must have earnings for 40 quarters (equivalent to 10 years).

References

• {{Cite book |first=Stanley |last=Brandes |year=1985 |title=Forty: The Age and the Symbol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WGWDUM9WcRAC&printsec=frontcover#v=twopage&q&f=false |location=Knoxville, Tenn. |publisher=The University of Tennessee Press |isbn=9780870494635 |oclc=11622273}}

External links

• {{Commons category-inline|40 (number)}}

• Robert E. B. Baylor
• Robert Ebel
• Robert E Bell
• Robert Eben Smylie
• Robert Eberan von Eberhorst
• Robert E. Berry
• Robert E. Brennan
• Robert E. Brister
• Robert E. Brown
• Robert E. (Bud) Cramer, Jr
• Robert E. Burke
• Robert E. Cleary
• Robert E. Cochran
• Robert E. Cook Honors College
• Robert E Cooper, Jr
• Robert E. Cooper Jr.
• Robert e cooper jr
• Robert E. Cornish
• Robert E. Coughlin
• Robert E. Cramer, Jr.
• Robert E. Cushman Jr.
• Robert E. Davis
• Robert E. Davis (climatologist)
• Robert E. Davoli
• Robert E. De Forest