| 词条 | Eriodictyon californicum |
| 释义 |
|image = Eriodictyon-californicum.jpg |genus = Eriodictyon |species = californicum |authority = (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. |synonyms = Wigandia californica Hook. & Arn. (basionym)[1] }}Eriodictyon californicum is a species of plant within the family Boraginaceae. It is also known as yerba santa (sacred herb), mountain balm, bear's weed, gum bush, gum plant, and consumptive weed.[2] Less common names include Herbe des Montagnes, Herbe à Ourse, Herbe Sacrée, Herbe Sainte, Hierba Santa, Holy Herb, and Tarweed.[3] DistributionIt is native to California and Oregon, where it grows in several types of habitats, including chaparral and coast redwood forests. DescriptionEriodictyon californicum is an evergreen aromatic shrub with woody rhizomes, typically found in clonal stands growing to a height of 3 to 4 feet (1+ meter).[2] The dark green, leathery leaves are narrow, oblong to lanceolate, and up to 15 centimeters in length. Foliage and twigs are covered with shiny resin and are often dusted with black fungi, Heterosporium californicum. The shrub is known to be an occasional source of nutrition for wildlife and livestock.[4] The leaves have an odor generally considered unpleasant and a bitter taste, making them unpalatable to most animals,[4] although it does have multiple insect herbivores, including butterflies.[5] The inflorescence is a cluster of bell-shaped white to purplish flowers, each between one and two centimeters in length. TaxonomyWhen first described, it was placed in genus Wigandia, so its basionym is Wigandia californica.[1] Traditional medicineThe leaves have historically been used to treat asthma, upper respiratory infections and allergic rhinitis.[4] The Concow tribe calls the plant wä-sä-got’-ō (Konkow language)[6] The Chumash used it as a poultice for wounds, insect bites, broken bones, and sores. It was also used in a steam bath to treat hemorrhoids.[7] Medical researchThe flavonoid sterubin is the main active component of Yerba santa and is neuroprotective against multiple toxicities of the aging brain, including possibly Alzheimer's disease.[8][9] Food useEriodictyol is one of the 4 flavanones identified in this plant by the Symrise Corporation as having taste-modifying properties, the other three being: homoeriodictyol, its sodium salt and sterubin.[10] These compounds have potential uses in food and pharmaceutical industry to mask bitter taste. Environmental useThis species of shrub is used for revegetating damaged or disturbed lands, such as overgrazed rangeland.[4] It is strongly fire-adapted, sprouting from rhizomes after wildfire and developing a waxy film of flammable resins on its foliage.[4] ButterfliesE. californicum is a specific food and habitat plant for the butterfly Papilio eurymedon. It is the primary nectar source for variable checkerspot butterflies in the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve in California.[5]. References1. ^1 Wigandia californica, the basionym for Eriodictyon californicum was first described and published in The Botany of Captain Beechey's Voyage 364, pl. 88. 1839. {{ cite web |url=http://tropicos.org/Name/50326000 |quote=Annotation: as 'Californica' |title=Name - Wigandia californica Hook. & Arn. |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=25 February 2019}} 2. ^1 Patricia Kaminski and Richard Katz. Yerba Santa Eriodictyon californicum. Flower Essence Society. 3. ^{{cite web|title=Yerba santa|url=https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-393/yerba-santa|website=WebMD|accessdate=26 February 2019}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 Forest Service Fire Ecology 5. ^1 Murphy, Dennis D., Marian S. Menninger, and Paul R. Ehrlich. "Nectar Source Distribution as a Determinant of Oviposition Host Species in Euphydryas Chalcedona." Oecologia 62.2 (1984): 269-71. 6. ^{{cite book|last1=Chesnut | first1 =Victor King |title=Plants used by the Indians of Mendocino County, California|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vLkUAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=25 February 2019|year=1902|publisher=Government Printing Office|page = 408}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=Using Santa Barbara’s Yerba Santa to Treat Cold, Flu, and Cough|url=http://sbhealthandhealing.com/blog_files/yerba-santa.php#.VJTiPsAAA|website=sbhealthandhealing.com|accessdate=25 February 2019}} 8. ^{{cite journal | url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213231718311996 | last1 = Wolfgang | first1 = F | last2 = Currais | first2 = A | last3 = Liang | first3 = Z | last4 = Pinto | first4 = A | last5 = Maher| first5 = P | title = Old age-associated phenotypic screening for Alzheimer's disease drug candidates identifies sterubin as a potent neuroprotective compound from Yerba santa | journal = Redox Biology | volume = 21 | issue = | pages = | date = February 2019 | pmid = | doi = 10.1016/j.redox.2018.101089 }} 9. ^{{cite web|title='Holy herb' (Yerba santa) identified as a potential treatment for Alzheimer’s disease|url=https://www.news-medical.net/news/20190222/Holy-herb-(Yerba-santa)-identified-as-a-potential-treatment-for-Alzheimere28099s-disease.aspx|website=news-medical.net|accessdate=26 February 2019}} 10. ^{{cite journal | last1 = Ley | first1 = JP | last2 = Krammer | first2 = G | last3 = Reinders | first3 = G | last4 = Gatfield | first4 = IL | last5 = Bertram | first5 = HJ | title = Evaluation of bitter masking flavanones from Herba Santa (Eriodictyon californicum (H. And A.) Torr., Hydrophyllaceae) | journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry | volume = 53 | issue = 15 | pages = 6061–6 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16028996 | doi = 10.1021/jf0505170 }} External links{{Commons category|Eriodictyon californicum}}
12 : Eriodictyon|Flora of California|Flora of Oregon|Flora of the Cascade Range|Flora of the Klamath Mountains|Flora of the Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Natural history of the California chaparral and woodlands|Natural history of the California Coast Ranges|Natural history of the Central Valley (California)|Natural history of the San Francisco Bay Area|Plants described in 1839|Butterfly food plants |
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