| 词条 | Essilor | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Essilor International S.A. | logo = Essilor logo.svg | type = Société Anonyme | traded_as = {{Euronext|EI|FR0000121667|XPAR}} CAC 40 Component | former_name = Essel | foundation = {{start date and age|df=y|1849}} | location = Charenton-le-Pont | location_country = France | key_people = Hubert Sagnières (CEO) | industry = Medical equipment | products = Corrective lenses; sun and readers eyeglasses; ophthalmic equipment and instruments | revenue = {{increase}}€7.5 billion (2017)[1] | operating_income = {{increase}}€1230 million (2016) | net_income = {{increase}}€813 million (2016) | assets = | equity = | num_employees = 80,000 (end 2018) | homepage = essilor.com }} Essilor International S.A. is a French-based international ophthalmic optics company that designs, manufactures and markets lenses to correct or protect eyesight.[2] Its headquarters is based in Charenton-le-Pont (near Paris), France. Essilor is quoted on the Euronext Paris Stock Exchange. It is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 share index. Essilor is responsible for creating Varilux, the world's first progressive lens which corrects presbyopia and allows clear vision in the wearer's near, intermediate and far vision.[2][3] The company formed from the merger of ophthalmic firms Essel and Silor in 1972.[4] Its activities are largely focused on research and development. It is the world's largest manufacturer of ophthalmic lenses.[5] In January 2017 Essilor announced a combination with Italian eyewear giant Luxottica.[2] On 1 October 2018, the new holding company EssilorLuxottica is born, resulting in combined market capitalization of approximately €57 billion.[6] History1849–1972: Essel and SilorEssel (Société des Lunetteries) was founded in 1849 (then-called L’Association Fraternelle des Ouvriers Lunetteries) as a small network of eyeglass assembly workshops in Paris. It quickly expanded in the late 19th and early 20th century through the acquisition of factories in nearby Parisian neighbourhoods and in Eastern France. Essel soon added frame design and trade to its activities. The firm launched a frame design in 1955 called Nylor which is still used today. The Nylor system introduced a thin nylon thread which embraces the lens and is fixed to the frame's higher branch. Essel's breakthrough came in 1959 with the invention of Varilux, the first ophthalmic progressive lens.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Silor (Société Industrielle de Lunetterie et d'Optique Rationnelle)first started under the name Lissac in 1931 as a retailer of ophthalmic lenses and frames before becoming a lens manufacturer. In 1959, the same year Essel invented the progressive lens, Lissac made a discovery of its own: the Orma 1000 lens, made from a lightweight material.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} 1972–1979: Beginning of EssilorAfter many years as rivals, Essel and Silor merged on 1 January 1972 to form Essilor, the then third-largest ophthalmic optical firm in the world.[2] Essilor's first year of existence was marked by two events: the creation of Valoptec, a non-trading company composed of stock-holder managers which held half of the company's capital stock, and the purchase of Benoist-Bethiot, a French lens manufacturer specializing in the production of progressive lenses. In the mid 1970s, Essilor focused on becoming a true optical group specializing in the plastic progressive lens. Many subsidiary activities are first sold off, but in 1974, Essilor fused Benoist-Bethiot with Guilbert-Routit, creating a subsidiary called BBGR. In 1975, the company was listed on the stock exchange. The innovations by Essel and Silor, Essilor's predecessors, lead to the launch of the Varilux Orma in 1976 .{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} The late 1970s were marked by Essilor's change in strategy of geographical expansion. By making the acquisition of manufacturing plants in the United States, in Ireland and in the Philippines, Essilor began its transformation from being a mainly exporting company to being an international company.[7] 1980–1989: International growthThe 1980s began with intensified competition. To cut costs and improve service, Essilor purchased four new plants in four years, in Mexico, Puerto Rico, Brazil and Thailand. In France, new instruments facilitated the automation of the manufacturing process. Many distributors were acquired or merged with Essilor in Europe (Norway, Portugal) and in Asia (Burma, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Taiwan and Vietnam).{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} In the United States, all subsidiaries were brought together under the Essilor of America umbrella. This global network allowed Essilor to launch a new Varilux lens called the VMD in Europe and the United States.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} 1990–1999: Partnerships and Varilux ComfortTo maintain its position as a world leader, Essilor gradually withdrew its frames operations to concentrate on corrective lenses. Employing a value added strategy, the company launched the Crizal coating, offering lens resistance against scratches, reflections and smudges. Essilor also formed a partnership with PPG, an American company, to offer the Transitions photochromic lens, a technology that allows a lens to become darker or lighter depending on the intensity of ambient light. Through the acquisition of Gentex, Essilor was also able to launch the Airwear polycarbonate lens, a light and unbreakable lens material. Finally, the fourth generation of the Varilux was launched under the name Varilux Comfort.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} 2000–2009At the beginning of the 21st century, Essilor launched the Varilux Physio, a lens that derives its performance from the Twin RX Technology which combines the wavefront management system to calculate lens optics, along with a production technique called advanced digital surfacing.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} Finally, in 2005, Essilor entered the French CAC 40 stock market.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} In 2007 Essilor launched the Essilor Vision Foundation in the USA. This organization was created in order to run vision tests in schools to detect vision problems. The follow-up care and glasses are provided by Essilor Vision Foundation for children in need.[8] Essilor acquired the Swiss company Satisloh in 2008, a manufacturer of prescription laboratory equipment.[9] Two years later, Essilor acquired 50% of the kibbutz-based company Shamir Optical Industry. Shamir took advantage of Essilor's worldwide distribution network, and developed its activity by launching new products.[10] 2010-2016In 2010 Essilor acquired FGX International, an American company whose brands include Foster Grant.[11] Essilor acquired 50% of the Chinese company Wanxin Optical in 2011. The growth drivers for the Chinese market are the aging population and the increase of reimbursement for eye care.[12] The 40th anniversary of the merger between Essel and Silor took place in July 2012. This was the occasion to highlight their contributions and improvements on technologies.[13] In September 2012, Essilor involved in the Special Olympics for 10 more years. The ophthalmic lenses supplier provided almost 100,000 free eyeglasses to the athletes since 2002.[14] In May 2013, Safilo and Essilor agreed on a 10-year licensing deal allowing Essilor to use Safilo's Polaroid brand for the making of polarized eye lenses.[15] In July 2013, Essilor announced the buying of 51% of Transitions Optical's stakes from PPG Industries.[16] Essilor will then hold 100% of Transitions Optical. The deal is to be closed in the first semester of 2014.[17] The transaction aims at developing Essilor's leadership in lenses that adapt to changing light.[18] In March 2014, Essilor announced the acquisition of the Canadian online distributor Coastal.com, which rebranded as Clearly.ca in 2015. Essilor aims at reinforcing its presence online, adding Coastal.com to its online subsidiaries such as MyOnlineOptical, FramesDirect and EyeBuyDirect.[19] On 25 November 2014, Essilor won 4 awards at the First Edition of the Vision-X VP Awards. Essilor's Varilux S Series won the award for Most Popular Lens (Progressive), while the Transitions Signature VII won the Most Popular Lens (Best Value) award. Its Crizal Forte UV and Mr Blue were voted the Most Popular Lens Coating/Value Add and Best Value Enhancer (Lab).[20] In 2015, the U.S. subsidiary of Essilor International acquired Vision Source, a service network of independent optometrists, from Brazos Equity Partners LLC for an undisclosed amount.[21] By 19 March 2016 the company had a share value of 23,564 million euros, distributed in 216,477,934 shares. In March 2016 the company bought the UK online contacts retailer VisionDirect UK, adding to many online eyewear brands Essilor already owns.[22] In 2018 the birth of EssilorLuxotticaIn January 2017, the company agreed to merge with Luxottica.[23][24][25] Luxottica and Essilor are currently (end of 2017[26][27][28]) in the process of merging, subject to regulatory permission and possibly competition conditions.[29][30][31] Luxottica has faced allegations that it uses its market dominance to inflate prices and restrict competition (see also Luxottica#Criticism).[32][33] In March 2018, proposed combination between Essilor and Luxottica received clearance from US federal trade commission and European commission without conditions.[34] On 1 October 2018, the new holding company EssilorLuxottica is born, resulting in combined market capitalization of approximately €57 billion. Activity and distribution87% of Essilor's turnover comes from the sale of ophthalmic lenses and optical instruments, 10% is driven by sunglasses and readers and 3% from other activities, such as equipment sales. 28% of its sales are based in Europe, 46% in North America, 7% in Latin America with the remaining 19% based out of Asia, Pacific, Middle East and Africa.[35] Corrective lensesCorrective lenses are manufactured in production plants and then customised in labs to a wearer's individual prescription. Essilor has a worldwide network of production factories, prescription laboratories and distribution centers which supply lenses, glasses or sunglasses to opticians, optical chains or for sale via its own online websites. An ophthalmic lens can have up to 25 layers of coatings or tints to make it more resistant to scratches, smudging, fogging up or to protect the eyes from UV or harmful blue light. Sun and readersEssilor produces and distributes non-prescription sunglasses and reading glasses sold in pharmacies, department stores, airports and online. In 2010, Essilor acquired FGX International which owns Foster Grant and Ryders brands. In 2011 Essilor acquired StyleMark, US distributor in reading glasses. In 2013, Essilor acquired a 50 percent stake in Xiamen Yarui Optical, owner of Bolon brand – the leading{{Clarify|date=January 2019}} sunwear brand in China, and bought the American company Costa, a specialist in sunwear for water sports. In 2015, Essilor acquired a majority interest in 2015 in Merve Optik, a Turkish distributor of optical products based in Istanbul that owns the sunwear brand Ossé. Instruments and equipmentsThe division Essilor Instruments distributes optical instruments used by opticians and eye health professionals. Through Satisloh, acquired in 2008, Essilor also provides equipment used to manufacture progressive lenses. In 2013, Essilor acquired a 68.3% stake in Interactive Visual System (IVS), a French company in technology solutions for electronic measurements and sales aids for eye care professionals. In 2013, Essilor announced the acquisition of Humanware, a Canadian company in the design and distribution of assistive technologies for people who are blind or vision impaired. Research and developmentInnovationEssilor invests over €200m each year to research and innovation, three times the size of the rest of the industry combined.[2] Essilor is the world's leading commercial funder of research into eye health. The company's research and development team includes 550 researchers in its three Innovation and Technology Centers in France, the United States and Asia.{{citation needed|date=May 2013}} In Singapore, the Centre for Innovation and Technology and the International Vision Academy are housed in a new facility, called Kallang Bahru.[36] In 2011, Essilor wearer tests have received accreditation from Pierre and Marie Curie University in Paris, the largest scientific and medical complex in France. In 2018, Essilor was ranked for the 8th consecutive year on Forbes listing of most innovative companies in the world. The brand is the third French company in the ranking.[37] e-SPF indexfactorEssilor's eye sun protection factor (e-SPF) was launched in 2012 to help consumers understand the overall level of eye protection. Moreover, the e-SPF takes into account UV rays reflecting off the back of the lens into the eye.[38] Eye protect systemIn 2016, the Silmo d’Or award in the vision category was won by Essilor's Eye Protect System innovation.[39][40] This innovation integrates the latest advances in Essilor's research into prevention. A system targeting harmful blue-violet light that absorbs the residual yellow tint produced by filtering blue light, Eye Protect System lenses additionally provide UV protection. PartnershipsEssilor has a number of partnerships with universities and other scientific and technical communities. Institut de la VisionEssilor participate in the Institut de la Vision de Paris, a research center on ocular pathologies inaugurated in December 2008. The development of technologies improving the life of visually impaired people is the main goal of this partnership.[41] In 2015 Essilor, the Vision Institute and the Sorbonne University in Paris created Silversight, a joint public-private research program on healthy visual ageing.[42] Essilor also has a new area of collaboration with the Institute de la Vision focusing on the role light plays in the onset and development of myopia. University of Montréal, CanadaIn 2001, Essilor began a collaborationthe with University of Montréal on perception and ageing.[43] In 2003 this became the NSERC-Essilor industrial Chair. Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, CanadaIn 2012 Essilor was one of six industry partners along with the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) to create a research chair in coatings engineering at the Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal.[44] The research carried out at Polytechnique will improve the sustainability and effectiveness of materials in sectors as varied as aerospace, energy and manufacturing, as well as optics and photonics. Wenzhou Medical UniversityIn 2013, Essilor established a joint research center in China with Wenzhou Medical University to investigate the progression of myopia, with a particular focus on the evolution of children myopia.[45] Shanghai UniversityIn 2007 Essilor and Shanghai University created a joint R&D Center researching in the area of coatings and nanocolloids. CNRSIn 2015 Essilor and the CNRS LAAS signed a five research partnership. A joint, multidisciplinary team of researchers and engineers will pursue research on lenses and glasses with active and connected functions.[46] Virtual realityEssilor's research department particularly concentrates on the combined progress of two complementary disciplines: optics and physiology, with particular recourse to virtual reality. A simulation tool that makes it possible to perceive and interact in 3D in a multi-sensory way. [47]Researchers today use a virtual visualization system, equipped with algorithms and modeling developed by Essilor to explore new optical solutions that can be tested directly on wearers. This simulator makes it possible to vary the optical properties of the lenses tested, study optical effects and immediately gauge wearer satisfaction. In order to do so, a magnetic sensor records a subject's head movements and images that show the eyes' exact viewpoint 120 times per second. After testing, the results are used to fine-tune the performance of the lenses in question. In 2008, the Varilux Ipseo New Edition was designed using Essilor's Virtual Reality system. BrandsVariluxVarilux is a brand of progressive lenses for people with presbyopia correcting their vision at near and far distances and in between. The lens was invented by engineer Bernard Maitenaz and was in 1959 the first progressive lens available on the market. Varilux X seriesIn 2017, Essilor launched its latest Varilux lens: Varilux X series. It was rewarded with a Silmo d’Or innovation award in 2017. CrizalCrizal coating was launched in 1992. In the 1990s, Essilor's R&D teams began working on the visual comfort of eyeglass wearers, using treatments that reduced reflections on lenses, while simultaneously improving their resistance and durability. Crizal PrevenciaCrizal Prevencia, launched in 2013, is a lens that lets in beneficial light and filters out harmful blue-violet and UV rays. In 2014, Essilor won a Fibre Innovation Award for Crizal Prevencia at an event at the Paris Pierre and Marie Curie University celebrating advances in technology for the benefit of society.[48] Crizal SapphireIn 2017, Essilor launched Crizal Sapphire 360°. These lenses feature new Multi-Angular Technology to reduce reflections from any angle of light for less distracting glare, better aesthetics and safer nighttime driving. EyezenEssilor launched Eyezen lenses in 2015, designed for people's increasingly connected life. Essilor's research had identified that the traditional reading distance of 40 cm which was used as a standard for lens development, had decreased to an average 33 cm when using digital tools.[49] In 2015, Essilor received a gold award (Silmo d'Or) for Eyezen. TransitionsTransitions Optical, Inc., specialized in photochromic lenses, started as a joint venture between PPG Industries and Essilor International S.A., in 1990. In 2009, Transitions Optical launched the first commercially viable photochromic shield for motorcycle helmets. In 2010, Transitions Optical introduced Transitions XTRActive lenses, with new technology that allows the lenses to activate behind the windshield. In April 2014, Essilor acquired the entire stake of PPG in Transitions. In 2018, Essilor announced that Transitions Optical has partnered with Johnson & Johnson Vision to make the light-adaptive photochromic technology available in a contact lens for the first time.[50] XperioIn 2009, Essilor launched Xperio polarized prescription lenses to reduce glare and protect the eyes from UV rays. Xperio sun lenses feature specific polarizing filters that stop blinding glare while offering superior comfort and quality of vision. Corporate Social ResponsibilityInitiativesEssilor Vision FoundationThe Essilor Vision Foundation was founded in 2007 in the United States to help eliminate poor vision and its lifelong consequences among children.[51] In ten years, the Essilor Vision Foundation has helped to distribute 500,000 pairs of glasses and has expanded its projects into eight countries, with a particular focus on improving children's vision.[52] Vision for lifeIn 2015, Essilor created the Vision for Life strategic giving fund which has financed over 70 local vision care projects across the world. In March 2018 Essilor announced it will invest a further €19M in its philanthropic and inclusive business activities. Vision Impact InstituteIn 2012, Essilor created the Vision Impact Institute which manages a database of research and scientific studies on visual health and raises awareness about the benefits of corrected vision to guide public health policy decisions. One of the first research papers shared by the Institute highlighted that the global economy loses $227 billion every year from lost productivity caused by poor vision. In 2016, Essilor contributed to the EYElliance report ‘Bridging the visual divide’ which was published at the World Economic Forum and which called for more financial support to increase access to eyeglasses.[53] New Vision GenerationIn 2013, Essilor created an inclusive business arm called 2.5 New Vision Generation to focus on people who don't have access to vision care; underserved populations and rural communities where people cannot access conventional distribution channels. 2.5 New Vision Generation programs are developed for low income customers through adapting eyeglass products and distribution. Essilor has a Base of the Pyramid Innovation Lab, supported by the Singapore Economic Development Board, which evaluates the Group's different inclusive business approaches and connects the programs and partners with development funds. Since 2013, Essilor inclusive business programs have expanded from 8 to 24 countries. Eye MitraIn 2013, Essilor launched the Eye Mitra program in India to increase access to vision care for underserved populations and at the same time improving their livelihood.[54] Eye Mitras working in 14 provinces in India have helped more than 2.5 million people in their local communities to see clearly. In 2018 the Eye mitra program was selected by the Australian Government to be part of its Business Partnership Platform, an aid investment programme to generate social and commercial returns in developing countries. This partnership aims at creating affordable vision care for almost 100,000 low income consumers in rural Bangladesh and train young people to become primary vision care providers known as Eye Mitras.[55] Vision AmbassadorsIn 2015 Essilor launched its Vision Ambassador program, training people to do simple vision screening and sell reading glasses and sunglasses. Following an initial program in China, Vision Ambassador Programs have been developed in countries such as Brazil, Indonesia, Kenya and Ivory Coast and India.[56] PartnershipsSpecial OlympicsSince 2003, Essilor has been the exclusive global supplier of ophthalmic lenses for this program and has helped more than 100,000 Special Olympics athletes receive prescription eyewear, protective sports eyewear and important health counselling on proper eye health and vision care.[57] Our Children VisionIn April 2016, Essilor's Vision For Life Fund co-founded a global coalition to tackle the issue of children's vision care. "Our Children's Vision" is a movement bringing together governments, development agencies, the private sector, eye health practitioners and communities with the goal of screening 50 million children worldwide for vision impairments by 2020. FIAEssilor and the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile (FIA) signed a three-year partnership that will promote good vision as a key pillar of road safety through awareness campaigns and underline the importance of having a regular sight test to ensure safe driving.[58] The Jubilee Trust Fund{{buzzword|date=March 2019}}In April 2018 the Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust announced the creation of the Vision Catalyst Fund to bring eye care to people in the Commonwealth. Essilor is a partner of this new Vision Catalyst Fund which brings civil society and public-private stakeholders together to provide sustainable solutions for eye health.[59] Sustainable developmentIn 2017, Essilor was ranked 4th of the 50 biggest paper consuming companies in France for its environmentally-responsible paper policy.[60] Employee shareholdingEmployee shareholding at Essilor has strongly developed as it jumped from 21% in 2016 to 55% by the end of 2017, making it one of the three French companies with the highest percentage of employee shareholders. Essilor's employee shareholding effort has been cited as an example by French President Emmanuel Macron several times.[61] 9000 Essilor employees who own more than 8% of the company's share capital have gathered in a shareholder association called Valoptec, which owns three of the fifteen seats at the board of directors. Corporate governanceBoard of directorsAs of 2019, the company's board of directors consists of:[62]
In 2013, Essilor created a CSR Committee, chaired by Louise Fréchette.[63] Management committeeAs of 2019:[64]
Key figuresFinancial information
Other key figures
See also{{Portal|Companies}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.essilor.com/en/Investors/KeyFigures/Pages/KeyFigures.aspx|title=Essilor.com|accessdate=16 January 2017}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Knight |first1=Sam |title=The spectacular power of Big Lens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2018/may/10/the-invisible-power-of-big-glasses-eyewear-industry-essilor-luxottica |accessdate=3 June 2018 |work=The Guardian |date=10 May 2018}} 3. ^{{Cite news|url=http://visioncare.sc/blog/2016/11/29/lenses-from-essilor/|title=Progressive lenses from Essilor – Visioncare Optometrist Seychelles|date=29 November 2016|work=Visioncare Optometrist Seychelles|access-date=25 May 2017}} 4. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.essilor.co.za/essilor-celebrates-a-historic-milestone-the-merger-of-essel-and-silor|title=Press Release – the merger of Essel and Silor {{!}} Essilor South Africa|website=www.essilor.co.za|access-date=25 May 2017}} 5. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601205&sid=aKP8gjWEIH60&refer=consumer|title=Essilor Slumps as Second-Quarter Sales Miss Estimates|last=Torsoli|first=Albertina|date=17 July 2008|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=6 April 2009}} 6. ^Chad Bray and Elizabeth Paton, [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/business/dealbook/luxottica-essilor-merger.html >Luxottica, Owner of Ray-Ban, in $49 Billion Merger With Essilor] The New York Times 2017/01/16 7. ^Malaval, Catherine. "Essilor 1972–1997: Mieux Voir Le Monde". Creapress Editions, 1997. 8. ^{{cite news|url=http://72.3.251.78/ME2/Audiences/dirmod.asp?sid=3A9702BD8CB24219AC0872F316703D5B&nm=Business+Planning&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&AudID=6885CE1E5B9D4FE89D6AB336E4378B13&tier=4&id=44A12E27722C41F8B3E200D118AB6F86|title=Kids get free glasses|date=May 2009|work= Vision care venture}} 9. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.opticianonline.net/Articles/2008/06/20/21321/Essilor+buys+Satisloh.htm|title=Essilor buys Satisloh|date=20 June 2008|work=optician online}} 10. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/business/essilor-to-acquire-half-of-shamir-optical-for-130-million-1.319686|title=Essilor to acquire half of Shamir Optical for $130 million|date=18 October 2010|work=haaretz}} 11. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.moodiereport.com/document.php?c_id=1132&doc_id=29631|title=Foster Grant brand owner FGX International acquires Stylemark|date=6 January 2012|work=the moodie report}} 12. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.companiesandmarkets.com/News/Consumer-Goods/Essilor-in-joint-venture-with-Wanxin-Optical-in-China/NI1660|title=Essilor in joint venture with Wanxin Optical in China|work=companies and markets}} 13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.mivision.com.au/essilor-celebrates-40-years/|title=Essilor Celebrates 40 Years|date=26 March 2012|work=mivision}} 14. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.visionmonday.com/people/management/article/essilor-renews-special-olympics-partnership-for-10-more-years-36799/|title=Essilor Renews Special Olympics Partnership for 10 More Years|date=26 September 2012|work=vision monday}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/05/21/safilo-essilor-idUSL6N0E20DD20130521|title=Safilo, Essilor in 10-year licensing deal|date=21 May 2013|agency=Reuters}} 16. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/063c6888-f85e-11e2-b4c4-00144feabdc0,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F063c6888-f85e-11e2-b4c4-00144feabdc0.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=|title=Essilor buys majority stake in Transitions Optical for $1.73bn|date=29 July 2013|work=Financial Times}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://optometrytimes.modernmedicine.com/optometrytimes/news/essilor-buys-majority-stake-transitions-optical|title=Essilor buys majority stake in Transitions Optical|date=31 July 2013|work=optometry times}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-29/ppg-to-get-1-73-billion-from-sale-of-sunglass-lens-maker-stake.html|title=Essilor to Buy PPG's Lens-Venture Stake for $1.73 Billion|date=29 July 2013|work=Bloomberg}} 19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.opticianonline.net/essilor-expands-online-coastal-com-deal/|title=Essilor expands online with Coastal.com deal|date=6 March 2014|work=Opticianonline.net}} 20. ^{{Cite news|url=http://visionplusmag.fourplusmedia.com/?p=14058|title=Essilor Makes Its Presence Felt With Four Awards!|date=5 December 2014|access-date=26 March 2017}} 21. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/houston/morning_call/2015/08/vision-source-optometry-group-to-bepurchased-by.html |title=Vision Source optometry group to be purchased by French manufacturer |last=Furr |first=Laura |work=The Business Journals |date=4 August 2015 |access-date=19 October 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web |url=https://opticalowl.com/essilor-buys-vision-direct-uk-adds-online-portfolio/ |title=Essilor buys Vision Direct UK, strengthens Online Business Portfolio | publisher=OpticalOwl | date=6 March 2016}} 23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-38633306|title=Ray-Ban maker Luxottica agrees €46bn merger with Essilor|work=BBC News|date=16 January 2017}} 24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-essilor-m-a-luxottica-group-idUSKBN14Z110|title=Luxottica and Essilor in 46 billion euro merger to create eyewear giant|date=17 January 2017|agency=Reuters|access-date=25 May 2017}} 25. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/georgebradt/2017/01/16/why-the-merger-of-essilor-and-luxotticas-cultures-is-the-key-to-extraordinary-value-creation/|title=Why The Merger of Essilor And Luxottica's Cultures Is The Key To Extraordinary Value Creation|last=Bradt|first=George|work=Forbes|access-date=25 May 2017}} 26. ^https://www.reuters.com/article/us-essilor-results/essilor-expects-further-progress-on-luxottica-deal-by-year-end-idUSKBN1CT0HX 27. ^https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/press-releases/proposed-combination-essilor-luxottica-approved-canada/ 28. ^https://www.fool.com/investing/2017/12/24/luxottica-and-essilor-play-the-waiting-game-with-r.aspx 29. ^https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/16/business/dealbook/luxottica-essilor-merger.html 30. ^https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-15/luxottica-essilor-agree-to-50-billion-euro-merger-ft-reports 31. ^[https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/five-things-you-need-know-essilor-luxottica-merger-jasmine-seng Article by Euromonitor analyst] 32. ^https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/does-luxottica-own-80-of-the-eyeglass-industry/ 33. ^{{cite news|title=Sticker shock: Why are glasses so expensive?|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-18560_162-57527151/sticker-shock-why-are-glasses-so-expensive/|newspaper=60 Minutes|publisher=CBS News|date=7 October 2012|accessdate=19 October 2012}} 34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://globenewswire.com/news-release/2018/03/01/1409160/0/en/News-Release-Proposed-combination-between-Essilor-and-Luxotticareceives-clearance-from-US-Federal-Trade-Commission-without-conditions.html|title=Proposed combination between Essilor and Luxotticareceives clearance from US Federal Trade Commission without conditions|date=3 January 2018|work=Globe Newswire|access-date=8 July 2018}} 35. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.essilor.com/essilor-content/uploads/2018/04/2017_Registration_Document_Essilor.pdf|title=Essilor 2017 registration document|year=2017|work=Essilor|access-date=8 July 2018}} 36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/business/singapore/essilor-opens-new/1369148.html/|title=Essilor opens new facility in Singapore|date=18 September 2014|publisher=Channel NewsAsia}} 37. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/innovative-companies/list|title=The World's Most Innovative Companies 2018|date=29 May 2018|work=Forbes}} 38. ^{{cite web|url=http://seeforlife.blogspot.fr/2013/04/what-is-best-sunglasses-lens-in-world.html|title=What is the best sunglasses lens in the world? Check the ESPF: eye-sun protection factor|accessdate=16 January 2017}} 39. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.essiloracademy.eu/en/News-silmo_2016-eye-protect-system|title=ESSILOR WINS A SILMO D’OR AWARDS FOR EYE PROTECT SYSTEM|date=3 October 2016|work=Essilor Academy}} 40. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.visionmonday.com/latest-news/article/silmo-dor-2016-honorees-announced-in-paris-1/|title=Silmo d’Or 2016 Honorees Announced in Paris|date=26 September 2016|work=Vision Monday}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vision-research.eu/index.php?id=358|title=Institut De La Vision Paris: vision-research.eu – The Gateway to European Vision Research}} 42. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.aging-vision-action.fr/research/|title=Supporting agencies and industrial partners|work=Anging in vision and action}} 43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pointsdevue.com/article/10-year-history-nserc-essilor-industrial-research-chair-example-co-evolution-industry-and#|title=The 10-year history of the NSERC-Essilor Industrial Research Chair: an example of co-evolution of the industry and University R&D from a "mass" to an "individual" needs approach.|date=October 2011|work=Points de Vue}} 44. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.polymtl.ca/salle-de-presse/en/newsreleases/polytechnique-montreal-and-seven-partners-inaugurate-largest-nserc-research-chair-coatings-and|title=Polytechnique Montréal and seven partners inaugurate the largest NSERC research chair in coatings and surface engineering|date=25 September 2012|work=Polytechnique Montréal}} 45. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.visionmonday.com/latest-news/article/essilor-establishes-joint-research-center-with-wenzhou-medical-university-41517/|title=PEssilor Establishes Joint Research Center with Wenzhou Medical University|date=21 June 2013|work=Vision Monday}} 46. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.laas.fr/public/en/opera-new-joint-lab-between-laas-cnrs-carnot-institute-and-essilor-rd|title=OPERA, new joint lab between LAAS-CNRS Carnot Institute and Essilor R&D|date=14 December 2015|work=LAAS CNRS}} 47. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.essilor.com/IMG/pdf/50thAnniversaryVarilux.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=10 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710203314/http://www.essilor.com/IMG/pdf/50thAnniversaryVarilux.pdf |archivedate=10 July 2011 |df= }} 48. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/news/essilor-international-wins-innovation-award-for-crizal-prevencia-research/|title=ESSILOR INTERNATIONAL WINS INNOVATION AWARD FOR CRIZAL PREVENCIA RESEARCH|date=16 May 2014|work=Essilor.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 49. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.pointsdevue.com/article/new-ophthalmic-lenses-connected-life-eyezen-ametropes-and-emmetropes-and-varilux-digitime|title=New ophthalmic lenses for a connected life: Eyezen for ametropes and emmetropes, and Varilux Digitime for presbyopes|date=June 2015|work=Points de Vue|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 50. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/press-releases/breakthrough-photochromic-innovation-will-expand-access-transitions-light-intelligent-technology-contact-lens-wearers/|title=BREAKTHROUGH PHOTOCHROMIC INNOVATION WILL EXPAND ACCESS TO TRANSITIONS® LIGHT INTELLIGENT TECHNOLOGY™ TO CONTACT LENS WEARERS|date=11 April 2018|work=Essilor.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 51. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.essilorseechange.com/website/tag/essilor-vision-foundation|title=Essilor Vision Foundation|work=Essilor See Change|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 52. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.devex.com/news/sponsored/windows-to-the-world-how-eye-care-is-about-more-than-health-91125|title=Windows to the world: How eye care is about more than health|date=22 January 2018|work=Devex|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 53. ^{{citenews|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_2016_EYElliance.pdf|title=Eyeglasses for Global Development: Bridging the Visual Divide|date=June 2016|work=World Economic Forum|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 54. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.biovoicenews.com/eye-mitra-skills-program-featured-in-niti-aayogs-booklet/|title=Eye Mitra skills program featured in NITI Aayog's booklet|date=4 August 2017|work=biovoicenews.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 55. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/press-releases/essilor-partners-australian-government-launch-livelihood-building-programme-eye-mitra-bangladesh/|title=ESSILOR PARTNERS WITH AUSTRALIAN GOVERNMENT TO LAUNCH LIVELIHOOD BUILDING PROGRAMME, EYE MITRA, IN BANGLADESH|date=22 January 2018|work=essilor.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 56. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.institutovereviver.org.br/new-vision-generation/|title=2.5 New Vision Generation, Uma abordagem diferenciada em correção visual|work=Instituto Ver E Viver|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 57. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/news/essilor-renews-its-partnership-with-special-olympics/|title=ESSILOR RENEWS ITS PARTNERSHIP WITH SPECIAL OLYMPICS|date=9 January 2015|work=Essilor.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 58. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.aop.org.uk/ot/industry/eyewear-and-lenses/2017/09/04/essilor-signs-road-safety-partnership|title=ESSILOR SIGNS ROAD SAFETY PARTNERSHIP|date=4 September 2017|work=Optometry Today|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 59. ^{{citenews|url=http://www.jubileetribute.org/news/2018/1bn-vision-catalyst-fund-to-be-established-to-provide-vision-to-entire-populations-across-the-commonwealth|title=$1bn Vision Catalyst Fund to be established to provide vision to entire populations across the Commonwealth|date=12 March 2018|work=The Queen Elizabeth Diamond Jubilee Trust|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 60. ^{{citenews|url=https://www.essilor.com/en/medias/news/responsible-paper-policy-essilor-ranked-4th-france/|title=RESPONSIBLE PAPER POLICY: ESSILOR RANKED 4TH IN FRANCE|date=9 November 2017|work=Essilor.com|accessdate=8 July 2018}} 61. ^{{fr icon}} Epargne salariale : pourquoi Macron vante le modèle Essilor, fleuron du verre français Le Parisien, 5 March 2018 62. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.essilor.com/en/Group/Governance/BoardDirectors/Pages/Home.aspx|title=Board of directors}} 63. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.essilor.com/essilor-content/uploads/2013/05/Essilor_Press_release_CSR_07052013.pdf|title=Essilor creates a new Board Committee: the Corporate Social Responsibility Committee}} 64. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.essilor.com/en/Group/Governance/Pages/ExecutiveCommittee.aspx#|title=Executive committee}} External links
10 : Manufacturing companies established in 1972|1972 establishments in France|Optics manufacturing companies|Lens manufacturers|French brands|CAC 40|Companies in the Euro Stoxx 50|Eyewear companies of France|Eyewear retailers of France|Medical technology companies of France |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。