| 词条 | Estancia |
| 释义 |
Estancia is a large, private plot of land used for farming or cattle-raising. Estancias in the southern South American grasslands, the pampas, have historically been estates used to raise livestock, such as cattle or sheep. In Puerto Rico, an estancia was a farm growing "frutos menores", that is, crops for local sale and consumption. In some areas,{{vague|date=March 2019}} they are large rural complexes with similarities to what in the United States is called a ranch. HistoryIn the early Caribbean territories and Mexico, holders of encomiendas acquired land in the area where they had access to Indian labor. They needed on-site Hispanic supervisors or labor bosses called estancieros. In Mexico, multiple estancias owned by the same individual could be termed a hacienda.[1] The term estancia is used in various ways in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, southern Chile and southern Brazil. The equivalent in other Spanish American countries would be hacienda. During the first centuries of Spanish colonial rule, the Spanish introduced cattle into the colonies for livestock. In the peripheral areas of northern Mexico and the southern part of South America, these animals roamed free; settlers conducted periodic raids to catch and slaughter them. In the 19th century stationary ranching ventures started to form in the pampas, with permanent buildings and marked livestock that clearly defined ownership. They were called estancias, the term indicating the stationary, permanent character. The estancia's ranch worker on horseback in Argentina, the gaucho, has similar status in national folklore and identity to the cowboy of North America. Since the late 20th century, agriculture has intensified as an industry; landowners have often shifted from livestock to crop farming in the pampas of Argentina and Uruguay, due to the region's high soil fertility. A small number of estancias in Argentina and Uruguay, as well as in Paraguay or Chile, particularly those with historic architecture, have been converted into guest ranches called paradores. Several cities and villages, mainly but not exclusively in Latin America, developed from such estancias and are named accordingly, for example:
California mission estanciasMany California missions in North America had separate farms and ranchos associated with them. These were known as California mission estancias, which were different than the California ranchos, based on land grants to individuals.[2] In Puerto RicoAn estancia, during Spanish colonial times in Puerto Rico (1508-1898),{{efn|After the change of sovereignty in 1898 from Spain to United States, and the ensuring industrialization and development of a manufacturing- and services-based society, estancias gradually diminished to almost non-existent.}} was a plot of land used for cultivating "frutos menores" (minor crops).[3] That is, the crops in such farms were produced in relatively small quantities and thus were meant, not for wholesale or exporting, but for local, Island-wide, sale and consumption.[4] Some such "frutos menores" were rice, corn, beans, batatas, ñames, yautías, and pumpkins;[5] among fruits were plantains, bananas, oranges, avocados, and grapefruits.[6] A farm equipped with industrial machinery used for processing its crops into derivatives such as juices, marmalades, flours, etc., for wholesale and exporting was not called an estancia, but instead was called an hacienda.[7] Most haciendas produced sugar, coffee and tobacco, which were the crops for exporting.[8] Some estancias were larger than some haciendas, but generally this was the exception and not the norm.[9] See also{{portal|Housing}}
Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^James Lockhart and Stuart Schwartz, Early Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983, pp. 69-71.138 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.missiontrailtoday.com/code/mission_ae.htm |title=Mission Trail Today - Mission Asistencias and Estancias |publisher=U.S. Mission Trail |date= |accessdate=2015-06-17}} 3. ^Guillermo A. Baralt. Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904. Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. iii. {{ISBN|0807848018}} 4. ^Guillermo A. Baralt. Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904. Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. {{ISBN|0807848018}} 5. ^Guillermo A. Baralt. Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904. Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. {{ISBN|0807848018}} 6. ^Eduardo Neumann Gandia. Verdadera y Autentica Historia de la Ciudad de Ponce: Desde sus primitivos tiempos hasta la época contemporánea. San Juan, Puerto Rico: Instituto de Cultural Puertorriqueña. 1913. Reprinted 1987. p. 67. 7. ^Guillermo A. Baralt. Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904. Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. {{ISBN|0807848018}} 8. ^Guillermo A. Baralt. Buena Vista: Life and work in a Puerto Rican Hacienda, 1833-1904. Translated from the Spanish by Andrew Hurley. (Originally published in 1988 by Fideicomiso de Conservación de Puerto Rico as La Buena Vista: Estancia de Frutos Menores, fabrica de harinas y hacienda cafetalera.) 1999. Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA: University of North Carolina Press. p. 1. {{ISBN|0807848018}} 9. ^Ivette Perez Vega. Las Sociedades Mercantiles de Ponce (1816-1830). Academia Puertorriqueña de la Historia. San Juan, PR: Ediciones Puerto. 2015. p. 389.{{ISBN|9781617900563}} External links
5 : Culture in Rio Grande do Sul|Ranches|Uruguayan society|Social history of Argentina|Agriculture in Argentina |
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