“Ethno jazz”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Ethno Jazz, also known as World Jazz, is a subgenre of jazz and world music, developed internationally in the 1950s and '60s and broadly characterized by a combination of traditional jazz and non-Western musical elements. Though occasionally equaled to or considered the successor of world music, an independent meaning of ethno jazz emerged around 1990 through the commercial success of ethnic music via globalization, which especially observed a Western focus on Asian musical interpretations. The origin of ethno jazz has widely been credited to John Coltrane.

Notable examples of ethno jazz include the emergence of jazz through New Orleanian and Cuban exchange, Afro-Cuban jazz of the 1940s and '50s, and the Arabic influence present in some American jazz from the 1950s and '60s.

Origins

Sponsored by Globalization

Ethno Jazz was possible thanks to a phenomenon called “globalization,” which began in the 19th century with the end of the Industrial Revolution. This brought technological development that helped connect cultures in faster and more efficient ways.

Jazz benefited from this by being able to travel around the globe as recordings and performances. Examples include a New Orleans band, the “Original Creole Orchestra,” which toured Canada for the first time during the fall of 1914, and the “Original Dixieland Jazz Band,” which toured Europe in 1919 and was sufficiently popular to stay on in England for a year.^[1] This music was becoming so popular at the beginning of the 20th century that it spread around the globe, inspiring local musicians to listen to and play jazz. Countries like China began jazz festivals with enough public support to become annual traditions.^[1] In addition, musicians outside the United States were becoming a sensation by their understanding and development of jazz composition and playing. One of the most respected non-American jazz musicians was the guitarist Jean “Django” Reinhardt, who was born to a gypsy family and performed with famous musicians like Arthur Briggs, Bill Coleman, and Bill Arnold. His predominate style of playing was “Gypsy-Jazz.”^[2] Traveling to and learning from other cultures was another factor that influenced the development of Ethno Jazz. For example, a variety of musicians like pianist Randy Weston, trumpeter Lester Bowie, multi-instrumentalists Yusef Lateef, Ornette Coleman, and drummer Max Roach had a fascination for other cultures’ music. They went to Africa and studied different countries’ melodies, rhythms, and harmonies, and adapted them into their jazz playing and compositions.^[1]

Intercultural musical exchange was well received by people internationally, and as a result, many musicians chose to develop this in their music. Many of these musicians brought foreign artists as well as their musical styles back to their home countries, which resulted in a number of big jazz names hiring immigrants to perform in their ethno jazz projects.^[3]

North America: John Coltrane

Coltrane's incorporation of Indian and Middle Eastern styles to his music was more limited, but still prevalent. In 1961, he stated his intention to use the "particular sounds and scales" of India "to produce specific emotional meanings, as in [his own composition] 'India.'"^[7]^[8] Both "Impressions" and the chords of "So What," the all-time most popular jazz track, recorded with Miles Davis, are centered on scales Coltrane invented as a mix of Indian ragas and Western scales.^[7] In another collaboration with Miles Davis, Coltrane dropped in on the recording of "Teo," where his playing sounds remarkably more "Middle Eastern" than on previous Davis records,^[9] and on the lead sheet to his own composition "All or Nothing At All," Coltrane reportedly handwrote the phrase "Arabic feeling."^[10]

Latin and South America

One of the most popular genres of ethno jazz is Latin-jazz, which is characterized by a combination of jazz elements with music from a variety of places in Latin America. In addition, instrumentation played an important role. While standard jazz bands feature a rhythm section (piano, guitar, bass, and drums) and winds (saxophone, trumpet, or trombone), Latin music makes use of many more percussive instruments, such as timbales, congas, bongos, maracas, claves, guiros, and vibes, which were first played in a Latin setting by Tito Puente. Musicians combine these two instrumentations to create a "Latin-Jazz Sound."^[11] Cuba and Brazil were among the first countries to develop this music, and thereby some of the most influential.

Cuba

Afro-Cuban music developed in Cuba from West African origins, and is characterized by the use of Cuban claves. There are two kinds of clave: the rumba and the son, both of which are typically used in a two-measure pattern in cut time. Both add a base, mood, and flow to the music, creating polyrhythms and asymmetry within their traditional settings. When combined with jazz, which was more symmetrical and featured a heavy back beat, a new Cuban-jazz fusion was created, known as Afro-Cuban Jazz or Cubop.

The musicians known for planting the seeds of Cubop were Mario Bauzá, a Cuban trumpeter, and Frank Grillo, a Cuban maraca player who also known as “Machito.” Both have immigrated to the United States, where they perform Cuban music and were influenced by jazz. One of the most important collaborations was when Bauzá was working with famous jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie. Bauzá introduced Dizzy to Chano Pozo and Chiquitico, conga and bongo players, respectively; together they began a big band that combined jazz and Cuban music. Consequently, in 1946 they performed the first Afro-Cuban jazz concert in Carnegie Hall. This concert was a sensation because it combined Latin syncopated bass lines, percussion drumming, cross rhythms, and bebop language over a Latin feel. Some of the most famous recordings from this band were "Cuban Be," "Cuban Bop," "Algo Bueno," and "Manteca."^[12]

Brazil

As mentioned before, Brazilian music had an important influence in Latin-jazz. This began with the style called samba, which comes from a combination of African dances and march rhythms from the 19th century. The samba rhythm is characterized by an emphasis on the second beat of each measure. Unlike Cuban music, this style does not have a clave pattern, resulting in a more relaxed sensation and less tension. Brazilian music was introduced to the United States around the 1930s by Hollywood, with songs like “Tico Tico” and “Brazil,” but lost popularity over the coming years until its revival in 1940, when saxophonist Stan Getz and guitarist Charlie Byrd recorded the album Jazz Samba with Verve Records; the track "Desafinado" reached #1 status in the pop charts and won the Grammy for Best Solo Performance.^[12]

In 1958, Antonio Carlos de Almeida ("Jobim") introduced a style similar to samba called bossa nova, which means “New Flair.” This music is slower, text-based, melancholic, and has a mellow sensation. A famous example of Jobim’s music is the piece “Wave,” which appears on his album of the same name.^[13] Brazilian music was gaining popularity, prompting other jazz musicians to incorporate it into their style. Dizzy Gillespie studied Jobim’s music, and later recorded two famous Brazilian-style pieces, “Desafinado” and “Chenga de Sudade.”

The Balkans

Milcho Leviev was the first composer to definitively bridge Bulgarian folk music and jazz, the synthesis of which is evident in tracks from the early 1960s, such as "Blues in 9" and "Blues in 10," respectively in the {{music|time|9|8}} and {{music|time|10|8}} meters common to Bulgarian folk dances.^[14] The former of the two makes use of the provikvane (a Bulgarian folk element characterized by an ascending leap to the leading tone of the scale) and interplay between the two genres via call and response. Throughout "Blues in 9," the call is commonly a modal portion of a Bulgarian folk tune, answered by its response in the style of pentatonic blues.

Eastern Europe

Jazz was introduced to Moscow by Valentin Parnakh in 1922. This event was followed by the arrest, imprisonment, and deportation of many jazz musicians throughout the Soviet Union for their Western influence, as ordered by Joseph Stalin.^[15] This only made the genre more appealing to young musicians, resulting in multiple "underground" jazz bands and orchestras, among the first of which was a handful of Azerbaijani ensembles directed from 1926 by A. Ionannesyani and Mikhail Rol'nikov.

Ethno-jazz more recently has been represented in the Eurovision Song Contest by Georgia with entries such as Three Minutes to Earth by The Shin and Mariko in the 2014 contest and For You by IRIAO in the 2018 contest,

The Middle East

Much of the Western music introduced to Iran (and subsequently neighboring Middle Eastern countries) after World War II by the modernization policies of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was met with censorship similar to that what had occurred in the Soviet Union decades before. Jazz became popular contraband after the 1979 Revolution. In 1994, saxophonist and bandmaster Peter Soleimanipour received the first musical permit after the revolution, which led to public performances of his band Atin, who played jazz standards alongside original compositions that combined Iranian musical elements with jazz.^[16] Soleimanipour has described his music as talfiqi (trans. "fusion"), explicitly avoiding the label of "jazz artist," while incorporating African and Latin rhythms, Iranian instrumentation, and jazz elements on works as recent as his 2003 album Egosystem.