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词条 European Astronaut Corps
释义

  1. History

     Selection of new astronauts in 2009 

  2. Future of the European Astronaut Corps

     After the ISS 

  3. Current members

  4. Former members

  5. Non-ESA European astronauts/cosmonauts (excluding Russians)

      Soviet Union's Interkosmos program participants   Other 

  6. Space Shuttle missions

     As Payload Specialists  As Mission Specialists  

  7. Missions to the Mir space stations

  8. Missions to the International Space Station

  9. See also

  10. References

  11. External links

The European Astronaut Corps is a unit of the European Space Agency (ESA) that selects, trains, and provides astronauts as crew members on U.S. and Russian space missions. As of Nov 2014, 24 ESA astronauts are now able to go board the ISS. There are currently 47 members of the Corps, 26 currently active. The European Astronaut Corps is based at the European Astronaut Centre in Cologne, Germany. They can be assigned to various projects both in Europe (at ESTEC, for instance) or elsewhere in the world, at NASA Johnson Space Center or Star City.

History

{{Empty section|date=February 2013}}

Selection of new astronauts in 2009

According to French weekly Air & Cosmos, only six astronauts (Fuglesang, Schlegel, Nespoli, Eyharts, De Winne and Kuipers) remain available for immediate flight. Vittori and Clervoy are on temporary leave or assigned to other duties. The head of human spaceflight at ESA recommended that at least four more astronauts (plus four other in reserve) should be added after the launch of Columbus in February 2008.

On April 3, 2008, ESA director general Jean-Jacques Dordain announced that recruiting for a new class of European astronauts will start in the near future.[1] The selection program for 4 new astronauts was launched on May 19, 2008 with applications due by 16 June 2008{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} so that final selection would be due spring 2009.[2] Almost 10 000 people registered as astronaut candidates 2008-06-18. 8413 fulfilled the initial application criteria. From these 918 were chosen to take part in the first stage of psychological testing which led to 192 candidates in 2008-09-24. After two stage psychological tests 80 candidates will continue to medical evaluation in January/February 2009. 40 or so candidates will head to a formal interviews to select the four new members to European Astronaut Corps.[2]

Future of the European Astronaut Corps

After the ISS

The funding by NASA and Russia of the International Space Station is currently planned to end in 2028. The role of European astronauts beyond this point is unclear. Some speculation suggests ESA's involvement with Nasa's Orion programme may give European astronauts a seat aboard the Orion spacecraft, although this has not been announced.

Current members

There are thirteen active members of the European Astronaut Corps.

Name
Country
Selection
Time in space
Missions
Jean-François ClervoyFrance}} 1992 ESA Group 28d 03h 05m STS-66, STS-84, STS-103
Samantha CristoforettiItaly}} 2009 ESA Group 199d 16h 43m Soyuz TMA-15M, (Expedition 42/43)
Léopold EyhartsFrance}} 1998 ESA Group 68d 21h 31m Soyuz TM-27, Soyuz TM-26, STS-122, Expedition 16, STS-123
Christer FuglesangSweden}} 1992 ESA Group 26d 17h 38m STS-116, STS-128
Alexander GerstGermany}} 2009 ESA Group 362d 1h 50m Soyuz TMA-13M (Expedition 40/41), Soyuz MS-09 (Expedition 56/57)
André KuipersNetherlands}} 1998 ESA Group 203d 15h 51m Soyuz TMA-4, Soyuz TMA-3, Soyuz TMA-03M, (Expedition 30, 31)
Andreas MogensenDenmark}} 2009 ESA Group 9d 20h 14m Soyuz TMA-18M/Soyuz TMA-16M
Luca ParmitanoItaly}} 2009 ESA Group 166d 6h 19m Soyuz TMA-09M, (Expedition 36/37), Planned :Soyuz MS-13, Expedition 60/61[3]
Timothy PeakeUnited Kingdom}} 2009 ESA Group 185d 22h 11m Soyuz TMA-19M (Expedition 46/47)
Thomas PesquetFrance}} 2009 ESA Group 196d 17h 49m Soyuz MS-03 (Expedition 50/51)
Hans SchlegelGermany}} 1998 ESA Group 22d 18h 02m STS-55, STS-122
Roberto VittoriItaly}} 1998 ESA Group 35d 12h 26m Soyuz TM-34, Soyuz TM-33, Soyuz TMA-6, Soyuz TMA-5, STS-134
Matthias MaurerGermany}}2015 ESA Astronaut Corps No flight No missions

All of the current members of the corps have flown to space, except Maurer. All flown members except Jean-François Clervoy have visited the ISS. German astronaut Alexander Gerst is the member of the corps who has accumulated the most time in space with 362 days 1 hour and 50 minutes. He is the record holder for all the European astronauts in history. The oldest is Hans Schlegel, born in 1951. The corps currently includes one woman, Samantha Cristoforetti, who formerly held the record for the longest spaceflight by a woman. Only two other women have been members of the corps. Marianne Merchez who never flew, and Claudie Haigneré who resigned after two missions to start a political career in France.

Former members

{{improve-refs|date=April 2018}}

There are thirteen former members of the ESA.[4]

  • {{flagicon|Italy}} Maurizio Cheli
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Reinhold Ewald
  • {{flagicon|Belgium}} Frank De Winne
  • {{flagicon|Spain}} Pedro Duque
  • {{flagicon|Italy}} Umberto Guidoni
  • {{flagicon|France}} Claudie Haigneré née André-Deshays
  • {{flagicon|France}} Jean-Pierre Haigneré
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Ulf Merbold
  • {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Marianne Merchez
  • {{flagicon|Italy}} Paolo Nespoli
  • {{flagicon|Switzerland}} Claude Nicollier
  • {{flagicon|Netherlands}} Wubbo Ockels
  • {{flagicon|France}} Philippe Perrin
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Thomas Reiter
  • {{flagicon|France}} Michel Tognini
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Gerhard Thiele
  • No space missions

Non-ESA European astronauts/cosmonauts (excluding Russians)

Soviet Union's Interkosmos program participants

  • {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} Aleksandr Panayotov Aleksandrov
  • {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1971}} Georgi Ivanov
  • {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia}} Vladimír Remek
  • {{flagicon|East Germany}} Sigmund Jähn
  • {{flagicon|France}} Jean-Loup Chrétien
  • {{flagicon|Hungary}} Bertalan Farkas
  • {{flagicon|Poland}} Mirosław Hermaszewski
  • {{flagicon|Romania|1965}} Dumitru Prunariu

Other

  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Klaus-Dietrich Flade
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Reinhard Furrer
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Ernst Messerschmid
  • {{flagicon|Germany}} Ulrich Walter
  • {{flagicon|France}} Patrick Baudry
  • {{flagicon|France}} Jean-Jacques Favier
  • {{flagicon|Italy}} Franco Malerba
  • {{flagicon|Belgium|state}} Dirk Frimout
  • {{flagicon|Austria}} Franz Viehböck
  • {{flagicon|Slovakia}} Ivan Bella
  • {{flagicon|United Kingdom}} Helen Sharman
  • {{flagicon|Ukraine}} Leonid Kadeniuk

Space Shuttle missions

Astronauts from the European Astronaut Corps participated in several NASA Space Shuttle missions before the ISS era, in particular as Spacelab Payload Specialists. (This list excludes missions to Mir or the ISS)

As Payload Specialists

  • Ulf Merbold - STS-9 (Spacelab), STS-42 (Spacelab)
  • Reinhard Furrer - STS-61-A (Spacelab-D1 Mission)
  • Wubbo Ockels - STS-61-A (Spacelab-D1 Mission)
  • Hans Schlegel - STS-55 (Spacelab-D2 Mission)
  • Ulrich Walter - STS-55 (Spacelab-D2 Mission)

As Mission Specialists

  • Claude Nicollier - STS-46, STS-61 (Hubble), STS-75, STS-103 (Hubble)
  • Maurizio Cheli - STS-75
  • Jean-François Clervoy - STS-66, STS-103 (Hubble)
  • Gerhard Thiele - STS-99
  • Pedro Duque - STS-95

Missions to the Mir space stations

Astronauts from Europe have flown to Mir both on board Soyuz vehicles (as part of the Euromir programme) or on board the Space Shuttle.[5]

  • Jean-Loup Chrétien - Aragatz (1988) {{flag|France}}
  • Helen Sharman - Project Juno (1991) {{flag|UK}}
  • Franz Viehböck - Austromir '91 (1991) {{flag|Austria}}
  • Klaus-Dietrich Flade - Mir '92 (1992) {{flag|Germany}}
  • Michel Tognini - Antarès (1992) {{flag|France}}
  • Jean-Pierre Haigneré - Altair (1993) {{flag|France}}
  • Ulf Merbold - Euromir '94 (1994) {{flag|Germany}}
  • Thomas Reiter - Euromir '95 (1995) {{flag|Germany}}
  • Claudie Haigneré - Cassiopée (1996) {{flag|France}}
  • Reinhold Ewald - Mir '97 (1997) {{flag|Germany}}
  • Jean-Loup Chrétien - STS-86 (1997) {{flag|France}}
  • Léopold Eyharts - Pégase (1998) {{flag|France}}
  • Jean-Pierre Haigneré - Perseus (1999) {{flag|France}}
  • Ivan Bella - Stefanik (1999) {{flag|Slovakia}}

Missions to the International Space Station

European astronauts to have visited the ISS are:

Astronaut Agency Mission Launch Return Expedition Launch Date Return Date Note
Italy}} Umberto Guidoni ESA STS-100 STS-100 Expedition 2 19 Apr 2001 1 May 2001 Flight 6A with MPLM Raffaello, visited Expedition 2 crew
France}} Claudie Haigneré CNES Andromède Soyuz TM-33 Soyuz TM-32 Expedition 3 21 Oct 2001 31 Oct 2001 Visited Expedition 3 crew
Italy}} Roberto Vittori ESA Marco Polo Soyuz TM-34 Soyuz TM-33 Expedition 4 25 Apr 2002 5 May 2002 Visited Expedition 4 crew
France}} Philippe Perrin CNES STS-111 STS-111 Expedition 4/5 5 Jun 2002 19 Jun 2002 ISS Assembly Flight UF-2, launched with Expedition 5 crew and landed with Expedition 6 crew
Belgium}} Frank De Winne ESA Odissea Soyuz TMA-1 Soyuz TM-34 Expedition 5 30 Oct 2002 10 Nov 2002 Visited Expedition 5 crew
Spain}} Pedro Duque ESA Cervantes Soyuz TMA-3 Soyuz TMA-2 Expedition 7/8 18 Oct 2003 28 Oct 2003 Launched with Expedtion 8 crew landed with Expedition 67 crew,
Netherlands}} André Kuipers ESA DELTA Soyuz TMA-4 Soyuz TMA-3 Expedition 8/9 19 Apr 2004 30 Apr 2004 Launnched with Expedition 8 crew, landed with Expedition 8 crew
Italy}} Roberto Vittori ESA Eneide Soyuz TMA-6 Soyuz TMA-5 Expedition 10/11 15 Apr 2005 24 Apr 2005 Launched with Expedition 11 crew, landed with Expedition 10 crew
Germany}} Thomas Reiter ESA Astrolab STS-121 STS-116 Expedition 13/14 4 Jul 2006 22 Dec 2006 ISS Assembly Flight ULF 1.1, first European to live on the ISS as Flight Engineer on Expedition 13 and 14
Sweden}} Christer Fuglesang ESA Celsius STS-116 STS-116 Expedition 14 10 Dec 2006 22 Dec 2006 ISS Assembly Flight 12A.1, visited Expedition 14 crew
Italy}} Paolo Nespoli ESA Esperia STS-120 STS-120 Expedition 16 23 Oct 2007 7 Nov 2007 ISS Assembly Flight 10A, visited Expedition 16 crew
Germany}} Hans Schlegel ESA Columbus STS-122 STS-122 Expedition 16 7 Feb 2008 20 Feb 2008 ISS Assembly Flight 1E, visited Expedition 16 crew
France}} Léopold Eyharts ESA Columbus STS-122 STS-123 Expedition 16 7 Feb 2008 27 Mar 2008 ISS Assembly Flight 1E, second European to live on the ISS as Flight Engineer on Expedition 16
Belgium}} Frank De Winne ESA OasISS Soyuz TMA-15 Soyuz TMA-15 Expedition 20/21 27 May 2009 1 Dec 2009 Flight Engineer on Expedition 20, first European to command the ISS as commander of Expedition 21
Sweden}} Christer Fuglesang ESA AlISSé STS-128 STS-128 Expedition 20 29 Aug 2009 12 Sep 2009 ISS Assembly Flight 17A, visited Expedition 20 crew
Italy}} Paolo Nespoli ESA MagISStra Soyuz TMA-20 Soyuz TMA-20 Expedition 26/27 15 Dec 2010 24 May 2011 Flight Engineer on Expedition 26 and 27
Italy}} Roberto Vittori ESA DAMA STS-134 STS-134 Expedition 27/28 16 May 2011 1 Jun 2011 Visited Expedition 27 and 28
Netherlands}} André Kuipers ESA PromISSe Soyuz TMA-03M Soyuz TMA-03M Expedition 30/31 21 Dec 2011 1 Jul 2012 Flight Engineer on Expedition 30 and 31
Italy}} Luca Parmitano ESA Volare Soyuz TMA-09M Soyuz TMA-09M Expedition 36/37 28 May 2013 11 Nov 2013 Flight Engineer on Expedition 36 and 37, first member of the 2009 ESA astronaut class to fly
Germany}} Alexander Gerst ESA Blue Dot Soyuz TMA-13M Soyuz TMA-13M Expedition 40/41 28 May 2014 10 Nov 2014 Flight Engineer on Expedition 40 and 41
Italy}} Samantha Cristoforetti ESA Futura Soyuz TMA-15M Soyuz TMA-15M Expedition 42/43 23 Nov 2014 11 Jun 2015 Flight Engineer on Expedition 42 and 43, Longest uninterrupted spaceflight of a European astronaut
Denmark}} Andreas Mogensen ESA IrISS[6] Soyuz TMA-18MSoyuz TMA-16MExpedition 44 2 Sep 2015 12 Sep 2015Visited Expedition 44 crew, first Danish astronaut
United Kingdom}} Timothy Peake ESA Principia[7] Soyuz TMA-19M Soyuz TMA-19M Expedition 46/47 15 Dec 2015 18 June 2016 Flight Engineer on Expedition 46 and 47
France}} Thomas Pesquet ESA Proxima[8] Soyuz MS-03 Soyuz MS-03 Expedition 50/51 17 Nov 2016 16 May 2017 Flight Engineer on Expedition 50 and 51
Italy}} Paolo Nespoli[9] ESA Vita Soyuz MS-05 Soyuz MS-05 Expedition 52/53 28 July 2017 14 December 2017 Flight Engineer on Expedition 52 and 53
Germany}} Alexander Gerst ESA Horizons Soyuz MS-09 Soyuz MS-09 Expedition 56/57 6 June 2018 20 December 2018 Flight Engineer on Expedition 56, second European to command the ISS as commander of Expedition 57
Planned
Italy}} Luca Parmitano ESA BeyondSoyuz MS-13Soyuz MS-13Expedition 60/61July 2019 (Planned)February 2020 (Planned) Flight Engineer on Expedition 60, commander of Expedition 61

See also

  • NASA Astronaut Corps
  • List of astronauts by selection
  • Human spaceflight
  • History of spaceflight
  • European contribution to the International Space Station

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spaceflightnow.com/ariane/v181/080403docking2.html|title=Europe's new cargo freighter safely docks to space station|publisher=Spaceflight Now|first1=Stephen|last1=Clark|date=3 April 2008|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Closing_in_on_new_astronauts|title=Closing in on new astronauts|publisher=ESA|date=24 September 2008|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/ESA_astronaut_Luca_Parmitano_to_be_Space_Station_commander_on_his_next_flight |title=ESA astronaut Luca Parmitano to be Space Station commander on his next flight |date=May 31, 2018|access-date=June 9, 2018| publisher=ESA}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/European_astronauts_in_new_functions|title=European astronauts in new functions|publisher=ESA|date=17 September 2014|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://esamultimedia.esa.int/docs/corporate/posterpatch.pdf|publisher=ESA|title=European Manned Spaceflight Patches|date=29 October 2009|accessdate=15 December 2010}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/iriss/The_iriss_name_and_logos|title=The iriss name and logos|publisher=ESA|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/ESA_mission_name_for_astronaut_Tim_Peake_Principia|title=ESA mission name for astronaut Tim Peake: Principia F|publisher=ESA|date=18 July 2014|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Thomas_Pesquet_closer_to_space_with_mission_name_Proxima|title=Thomas Pesquet closer to space with mission name Proxima|publisher=ESA|date=12 November 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/Astronauts/Third_spaceflight_for_astronaut_Paolo_Nespoli|title=Third spaceflight for astronaut Paolo Nespoli|publisher=ESA|date=30 July 2015|accessdate=6 March 2016}}

External links

{{Commons category|ESA astronauts}}
  • The European Astronaut Corps
{{Use British English|date=January 2014}}{{ESA Astronaut Groups}}{{European manned spaceflight}}

4 : European Space Agency|Lists of astronauts|European astronauts|Human spaceflight programs
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