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词条 European driving licence
释义

  1. History

      Pre-1996 European driving licence    European driving licence as from 1996    Provisions    Amendments    European driving licence as from 2013    Provisions    EEA relevance   Implementation  Participating member states  Brexit 

  2. Standard data field labelling

     Notes 

  3. {{anchor|Categories}}Categories valid in all EEA member states

  4. National categories in EEA member states

      Austria    Bulgaria    Croatia    Germany    Hungary    Ireland    Latvia    Norway    Poland    Slovenia    Switzerland  

  5. Gallery

  6. See also

  7. References

  8. External links

{{About|the driving licences for vehicles issued by member states of the EEA|driving licences issued in other European countries|Driver's licence|the computer literacy certification|European Computer Driving Licence}}{{Use British English|date=August 2016}}{{Infobox identity document
| document_name = European driving licence
| image =
| image_size =
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image2 =
| image2_size =
| image_width2 =
| image2_alt =
| image_caption2 =
| date_first_issued = 29 July 1991
| using_jurisdiction = 28 EU member states and 3 EFTA member states
| valid_jurisdictions = 28 EU member states and 3 EFTA member states
| document_type =
| purpose = Access to unified driving licence in any of the 31 EEA member states
| eligibility = EEA residency
| expiration =
}}

The European driving licence is a driving licence replacing the many driving licence styles already in use in the member states of the European Economic Area (EEA) (all 28 EU member states as well as 3 EFTA member states; Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway). It has the credit card-style with a photograph and possibly a microchip. They were introduced to replace the 110 different plastic and paper driving licences of the 300 million drivers in the EEA. The main objective of the licence is to decrease the risk of fraud.

A driving licence issued by a member state of the EEA, is recognised throughout the EEA and can be used as long as it is valid, the driver is old enough to drive a vehicle of the equivalent category, and the licence is not suspended or restricted and has not been revoked in the issuing country. If the holder of an EEA driving licence moves to another EEA country, the licence can be exchanged for a driving licence from the new EEA country. However, as all EEA driving licences are recognised throughout the EEA, it is not necessary to exchange it.

The exception is for those holding EEA driving licences issued in exchange for a non‑EEA licence. When holding a converted licence, one should not assume the licence can be exchanged when moving to another EEA country. This only applies when permanently relocating to a different EEA country. As a tourist, an EEA-licence issued in exchange of a non-EEA licence is recognised throughout the EEA.[1]

History

Pre-1996 European driving licence

The first step to a European driving licence was taken on 4 December 1980, when the Council of Ministers adopted Council Directive 80/1263/EEC on the introduction of a Community driving licence, which established a Community model national licence that guaranteed the mutual recognition by the Member States of national licences. It also established the practice of exchange of licences by holders moving from one Member State to another.

European driving licence as from 1996

{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Directive
|title=Council Directive on driving licences
|number=91/439/EEC
|madeby=Council of the European Union
|madeunder=Art. 75 TEC
|OJref=L237, pp 1-24
|OJrefurl=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31991L0439:EN:HTML
|made=29 July 1991
|commenced=24 August 1991
|implementation=1 July 1996
|replaces=Directive 80/1263/EEC
|amendedby=
|replacedby=Directive 2006/126/EC
|status=Repealed
}}

On 29 July 1991, the Council of Ministers adopted the Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC on driving licences. The directive required EU Member States to adopt laws implementing the directive before 1 July 1994, which laws would take effect on 1 July 1996. Directive 80/1263/EEC would be repealed on the same date. Directive 91/439/EEC specified the European Union driving licence until its repeal 19 January 2013.

Provisions

The Council of the European Union Directive 91/439/EEC harmonises the categories of driving licences among the Member States and establishes two Community driving licence models, one paper version and one plastic card version. It furthermore establishes an obligatory test of knowledge (theory) and a test of skills and behaviour (practical) which has to be successfully passed before an individual is offered a driving licence. It also requires an applicant to meet the minimum standards of physical and mental fitness to drive. The directive specifies the minimum ages for driving different types of vehicles, and establishes progressive access in categories A, C, and D, from light vehicles to larger or more powerful vehicles. The directive stipulates that it is mandatory to have the normal residence in the Member State issuing the licence.[2]

Amendments

The Directive has been substantially amended by nine directives and two acts of accession. The plastic card version of the Community licence model, for example, was added to the Directive by Council Directive 96/47/EC of 23 July 1996.[3]

European driving licence as from 2013

{{Infobox EU legislation
|type=Directive
|title=Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on driving licences (Recast)
|number=2006/126/EC
|madeby=European Parliament & Council
|madeunder=Art. 71 TEC
|OJref=L403, pp. 18-60
|OJrefurl=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:403:0018:0060:EN:PDF
|made=30 December 2006
|commenced=19 January 2007
|implementation=19 January 2013
|replaces=Directive 91/439/EEC
|status=Current
}}

In March 2006, the Council of Ministers adopted a Directive proposed by the European Commission to create a single European driving licence to replace the 110 different models currently in existence throughout the EU/EEA.[4][5] The European Parliament adopted the Directive in December 2006.[6] Directive 2006/126/EEC was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 30 December 2006.[7]

Its provisions took effect on 19 January 2013; Directive 91/439/EEC was then concurrently repealed.

Provisions

The licence is a credit-card-style, single plastic-coated document, very difficult to falsify. The document will be renewable every 10 or 15 years depending on the member state. Several member states will have the option to include a microchip containing information about the card holder on the card.

Some categories like C and D will be issued for five years only. After expiration, a medical check-up is necessary in order to renew the licence for another five years.

EEA relevance

The provisions of Directive 2006/126/EC mentions that it has European Economic Area (EEA) relevance, meaning that its provisions apply to all 28 EU member states, as well as Iceland, Liechtenstein, and Norway, through incorporation into the agreement on the EEA.[8]

Implementation

The directive stipulates that all 31 EEA members states should adopt laws implementing the directive no later than 19 January 2011. Those laws should take effect in all EEA members states on 19 January 2013. All licences issued before that date will become invalid by 2033.

Participating member states

As of 2013, the 31 member states of the EEA participate. This coincides with the 28 EU members plus 3 of the 4 member states of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA). The fourth member state of EFTA, Switzerland, is not party to the EEA agreement, and is instead linked to the EU by a series of bilateral agreements.

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
EU
  • Austria
  • Belgium
  • Bulgaria
  • Croatia
  • Cyprus
  • Czech Republic
  • Denmark
  • Estonia
  • Finland
  • France
  • Germany
  • Greece
  • Hungary
  • Ireland
  • Italy
  • Latvia
  • Lithuania
  • Luxembourg
  • Malta
  • Netherlands
  • Poland
  • Portugal
  • Romania
  • Slovakia
  • Slovenia
  • Spain
  • Sweden
  • United Kingdom
EFTA
  • Iceland
  • Norway
  • Liechtenstein
{{Div col end}}

Brexit

Irish citizens have been advised to switch their British driving licence for an Irish one as the British one may not be valid after Brexit.[9]

Standard data field labelling

To help users of different languages to understand what each of the data fields on the licence contains, they are labelled with a number.

A legend is usually supplied on the reverse of the card in the issuing authority's language.

  1. surname
  2. given name{{ref label|a|a|a}}
  3. date of birth, place of birth{{ref label|d|d|d}}
  4. a) date of issue, b) date of expiry, c) issuing authority, d) personal number{{ref label|b|b|b}}
  5. licence number
  6. photograph of holder
  7. signature of holder
  8. Address{{ref label|c|c|c}}
  9. licence categories
  10. first issuing date of the category
  11. expiry date of the category
  12. restrictions (number coded)
  13. space reserved for the possible entry by the host Member State of information essential for administering the licence&91;10&93; (barcode (personal number)){{clarify|date=September 2017}}
  14. space reserved for the possible entry by the Member State which issues the licence of information essential for administering the licence or related to road safety (optional).

Notes

{{note label|a|a|a|Though the EU directive states this to be other names, local variations may occur}}

{{note label|b|b|b|The addition of the personal number is a local variation. 4(d) is optional and should be a number other than the one listed under number 5}}

{{note label|c|c|c|The address is optional and not implemented by all countries}}

{{note label|d|d|d|Norway[11] and Sweden:[12] a hyphen (-) is shown in lieu of place of birth. Switzerland: place of origin is used instead of place of birth.}}

{{anchor|Categories}}Categories valid in all EEA member states

[1][13][14]
Class Description Age of acquisition Requires Includes Remarks
Mopeds
AM45|km/h}} and with a cylinder capacity not exceeding {{convert|50|cc}}. 16 years (15 years in Austria, Denmark, Finland, Czech Republic, Slovenia, Spain and Sweden, 14 years in Estonia, Latvia, France, Italy, Poland, and Hungary). Until 19 January 2013 this class was called "M" in Bulgaria, Finland, Germany, Ireland, and Norway.
Motorcycles{{anchor|Motorcycles}}
A1125|cc}} and a power not exceeding {{convert|11|kW}}; and motor tricycles with a power not exceeding {{convert|15|kW}}. 16 years. (17 years in the UK, 18 years in Denmark, Greece, Belgium, and the Netherlands). AM, (also T in Finland)125|cc}} within the respective countries. In Austria (after five years, training of 6 hours), France (after two years, a training of 7 hours), Luxembourg (after two years, training of 7 hours), and the United Kingdom (Compulsory Basic Training), a practical training without exam is needed for B licence holders.
A235|kW}} and with a power/weight ratio not exceeding {{convert|0.2|kW/kg}} (Switzerland: {{convert|0.16|kW/kg}}) and not derived from a vehicle of more than double its power. 18 years. (19 years in the UK, 20 years in Denmark, Greece, and the Netherlands). A1, AM, (also T in Finland) Replaced class "A" on 19 January 2013 in Malta.[15]
A Any motorcycle or motor tricycle not in category A1/A2 20 years. (21 years in the UK, 22 years in Denmark and the Netherlands). However, access to the driving of motorcycles of this category shall be subject to a minimum of two years' experience on motorcycles under an A2 licence. This requirement as to previous experience may be waived if the candidate is at least 24 years old (Switzerland: 25 years). A2, A1, AM, (also T in Finland)15|kW}} in the following countries: France, Germany, Austria, Czech Republic, Finland, Italy, Latvia, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland (after three years of B licence) and the United Kingdom. In France, a practical training (at least 7 hours) without an exam is needed for B licence holders who want to drive motor tricycles only, and this option is available only after at least two years of B licence. In the Netherlands it's allowed to drive from the age of at least 18, and if you had your driving licence B before 19 January 2013.{{Citation needed|date=August 2017}} Replaced class "A+" on 19 January 2013 in Malta.[16]
Motor vehicles
B3500|kg}} and designed and constructed for the carriage of no more than eight passengers in addition to the driver; motor vehicles in this category may be combined with a trailer having a maximum authorised mass which does not exceed {{convert|750|kg}}. You can also tow heavier trailers if the total MAM of the vehicle and trailer isn’t more than {{convert|3,500|kg}}.

The limit in the first condition is: {{convert|3500|kg}} + {{convert|750|kg}}= {{convert|4250|kg}}.

The limit for in the second condition is: {{convert|2500|kg}} + {{convert|1000|kg}}= {{convert|3500|kg}}.

 18 years (17 years in Denmark and Slovakia (under supervision, from age of 18 without supervision),[17] Iceland, Germany, Hungary, and Netherlands (under supervision, from age of 18 without supervision)).

17 years in the UK and Ireland. 17 in Austria after 3000km of driving under supervision.

125|cm}} and power <= {{convert|11|kW}} and ratio power/weight <= {{convert|0.1|kW/kg}} Does not include S in Norway.
BE3500|kg}}. 18 years (17 years in the UK and Ireland). B Includes T in Norway and Poland.
B1 Heavy quadricycles 16 years (Switzerland: 18 years) AM This class is optional, i.e. it is not implemented by all countries.
Large goods vehicle
C17.5|t}}; with or without a trailer with a maximum mass of less than {{convert|750|kg}}. 18 years B
C1E750|kg}}. 18 years C or C1 T see C.
C3.5|t}} mass and not more than 8 + 1 seats (lorry); with a trailer with a maximum mass of {{convert|750|kg}}.date=November 2011}} (18 years in Sweden, Finland, UK and Ireland; 18 years in Germany for non-commercial use only except for apprenticeship as professional driver) B for 1 year, not including restricted licence C1
CE750|kg}}. 21 years C C1E
Buses
D18|m}}.date=November 2011}} B for 1 year, not including restricted licence750|kg}}.
D1E750|kg}}. 21 years D or D1
D Vehicles with more than 8 + 1 seats (buses). 24 years (21 years in Ireland) B for 2 years, not including restricted licence D1750|kg}}. Includes articulated buses (at least in the UK and in Germany).[18]
DE750|kg}}. 24 years (21 years in Ireland) D D1E

National categories in EEA member states

There are other national categories for tractors, large motorcycles, motorised wheel boats, motor tricycles (modern voiturettes, Category B1 or S), and military categories such as for driving tanks. National categories mean they are not harmonised and only valid within the issuing country. The tables below are general descriptions that do not include full details of regulations.

Austria

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
F Tractor 16 Austria

Bulgaria

In 2013 the driving licence category Tтб was phased out and incorporated into the D category. Trolleybus drivers are now required to possess a D category driving licence and to complete additional training on a trolleybus. Entitlement to drive a trolleybus is specified on the driving licence by a code 103.

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
Tкт Tractor 16Bulgaria
Tтб Trolleybus 24
Tтм Tram 24

Croatia

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
F Tractor – with or without a trailer 16Croatia
G Heavy equipment 16
H Tram 21

Germany

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
BF17 Begleitetes Fahren (accompanied driving) — BF17 licensed driver must be accompanied by B-licence holder age 30+ 17 Germany, Austria[19]
LTractor not exceeding 40 km/h by design (with trailer attached: max. 25 km/h)16Germany
Tractor16

Hungary

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
M Moped 14Hungary
K Two-wheel tractor 16
T Tractor – with maximum 2 trailer 16
TR Trolleybus 20
V Tram 20

Ireland

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
W Work Vehicle – includes land tractors with or without a trailer 16 Ireland

Latvia

Class Description Valid in
TRAM TramLatvia
TROL Trolleybus

Norway

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
S Snowmobile 16Norway
T Tractor 16

Poland

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
T Tractor 16 Poland

Slovenia

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
F Tractor 16 Slovenia

Switzerland

{{overly detailed|section|date=September 2017}}

Even though Switzerland is a EFTA member state, it is not a member of the European Economic Area. Switzerland has, however, generally adopted much of the harmonised EU legislation with regard to driving licences. Swiss licences can be exchanged in most EEA countries. Switzerland has, since the 2000s, used the EU system of vehicle categories and issued EEA-style credit-card licences.

To apply for a car driving licence (category B), the applicant must be at least 18 years old. They must first attend first aid courses and pass an eyesight test. Passing a theory exam is required to receive a learner's permit/licence valid for two. This allows holders to drive a car only if accompanied by a person, aged 23 or more, who has had a full driving licence for a minimum of three years. Before passing the practical exam, the candidate must attend 10 hours of theory lessons on "familiarisation to road traffic".

Practical driving lessons are not legally required but are considered a de facto prerequisite for passing the practical exam taken with a government official Driving Test Examiner.

Upon succeeding the practical exam, a probationary driving licence is issued for three years. To obtain the full, unlimited, driving licence after these three years, the candidate must not commit a serious traffic offence and attend two days of further driving training.

For motorcycles and heavier vehicles, the regulations are different, and some agrarian vehicles can be driven without a licence. As of 2011, a 45-minute driving lesson costs around 90 CHF, while the various fees and theoretical instruction costs associated with getting a car driving licence can amount to up to CHF 600, without counting the costs for the two days of further training.

The theoretical exam must be taken in either German, French, or Italian. In some cantons, it is possible to take it in English.

Class Description Age minimum Valid in
F45|km/h}} 16Switzerland
G30|km/h}} 14
M30|km/h}} 14

Gallery

Country Code Before 19 January 2013 (in Croatia before 1 July 2013) Since 19 January 2013 (in Croatia since 1 July 2013)
Austria A
Belgium B
Bulgaria BG
Croatia HR
Cyprus CY
Czech Republic CZ
Denmark DK
Estonia EST
Finland FIN
[20]
France F
Germany D

Greece GR
Hungary H
Iceland IS
Ireland IRL
Italy I
Latvia LV
Liechtenstein FL
Lithuania LT
Luxembourg L
Malta M
Netherlands NL
Norway N

Poland PL
Portugal P
Romania RO
Slovakia SK
Slovenia SLO
Spain E
Sweden S
United Kingdom UK

See also

  • Driving licence
  • European Commissioner for Transport
  • International driving licence
  • Vehicle registration plates of the European Union
  • European Health Insurance Card

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://europa.eu/youreurope/citizens/vehicles/driving-licence/driving-licence-recognition-validity/index_en.htm|title=Driving licence recognition and validity|website=Europa.eu|accessdate=27 December 2018}}
2. ^European Commission website - Transport: driving licence {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207060411/http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/behavior/driving_licence_en.htm |date= 7 February 2009 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:1991L0439:20080718:EN:PDF|title=Consolidated version of Directive 91/439/EEC as of 18 July 2008|author=|date=|website=europa.eu}}
4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.svd.se/dynamiskt/utrikes/did_12218466.asp |title=Klartecken för EU-körkort |work=Svenska Dagbladet |accessdate=27 March 2006}}
5. ^{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4849330.stm | work=BBC News | title=EU backs European driving licence | date=27 March 2006 | accessdate=2 May 2010}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.workpermit.com/news/2006_12_18/eu/european_driving_license.htm|title=EU announces plans for European driving license|date=18 December 2006|website=Workpermit.com}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0126 |title=DIRECTIVE 2006/126/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL |work=Official Journal of the European Union}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.efta.int/eea-lex/32016L1106|title=32016L1106 - European Free Trade Association - European Free Trade Association|website=Efta.int}}
9. ^http://www.independent.ie/irish-news/news/explainer-why-irish-citizens-are-advised-to-ditch-their-british-driving-licence-ahead-of-brexit-37845907.html
10. ^Directive 2006/126/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 December 2006 on driving licences
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.vegvesen.no/_attachment/493459/binary/801365?fast_title=Nytt+førerkort+brosjyre+-+norsk_21062013.pdf|format=PDF|title=Nytt norsk førerkort : fra 19. januar 2013|website=Vegvesen.no|accessdate=27 December 2018}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.transportstyrelsen.se/TSFS/TSFS%202016_4.pdf|format=PDF|title=Föreskrifter om ändring i Transportstyrelsens föreskrifter (TSFS 2012:60) om körkortets utformning och innehåll|website=Transportstyrelsen.se|accessdate=27 December 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/oj/2006/l_403/l_40320061230en00180060.pdf |title=DIRECTIVE 2006/126/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL |work=Official Journal of the European Union}}
14. ^ {{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/news/press-release-changes-to-the-minimum-ages-and-test-requirements-to-obtain-a-dri |title=Press Release: Changes to the Minimum Ages and Test Requirements to obtain a Driving Licence |work=Transport Malta}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/news/press-release-changes-to-the-minimum-ages-and-test-requirements-to-obtain-a-dri |title=Press Release: Changes to the Minimum Ages and Test Requirements to obtain a Driving Licence |work=Transport Malta}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.sikkertrafik.dk/raad-og-viden/i-bil/koerekort-til-17-aarige|title=Kørekort til 17-årige (Ledsagerordningen) |website=Sikkertrafik.dk}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/@motor/documents/digitalasset/dg_067672.pdf|title=INF30 - Requirements for towing trailers in Great Britain - GOV.UK|website=Web.archive.org|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024172219/http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/%40dg/%40en/%40motor/documents/digitalasset/dg_067672.pdf|archivedate=24 October 2013|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.focus.de/auto/ratgeber/auto-abc/verkehr-ist-begleitetes-fahren-mit-17-im-ausland-erlaubt_id_4007566.html |title=Ist Begleitetes Fahren mit 17 im Ausland erlaubt? |website=Focus.de}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.polisen.ax/tillstand/korkort|title=Polisen.ax - Körkort|author=|date=|website=Polisen.ax}}

External links

  • {{cite web|url=https://workpermit.com/news/eu-announces-plans-european-driving-license-20061218|title=EU announces plans for European driving license|date=18 December 2006|website=Workpermit.com|accessdate=27 December 2018}}
  • {{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6180617.stm|title=EU driving licence coming in 2013|date=14 December 2006|accessdate=27 December 2018|website=News.bbc.co.uk}}
  • {{cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/vehicles-can-drive|title=Vehicles you can drive|website=Gov.uk|accessdate=27 December 2018}}
{{European Union topics}}{{Traffic law}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2011}}{{DEFAULTSORT:European Driving Licence}}

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