| 词条 | European perch |
| 释义 |
| name = European perch | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | image = Perca fluviatilis2.jpg | image2= Barsche im See (Jungfische).jpg | taxon = Perca fluviatilis | authority = Linnaeus, 1758 | range_map = Perca fluviatilis distribution map.png | range_map_caption = Red = native range Green = introduced range}}Perca fluviatilis, commonly known as the European perch, perch, redfin perch, big-scaled redfin, English perch, Eurasian perch, Eurasian river perch or common perch, is a predatory species of perch found in Europe and northern Asia. The species is a popular quarry for anglers, and has been widely introduced beyond its native area, into Australia, New Zealand, and South Africa. They have caused substantial damage to native fish populations in Australia and have been proclaimed a noxious species in New South Wales.[1] DescriptionEuropean perch are greenish with red pelvic, anal and caudal fins. They have five to eight dark vertical bars on their sides.[2][3] When the perch grow larger, a hump grows between its head and dorsal fin.[3] European perch can vary greatly in size between bodies of water. They can live for up to 22 years, and older perch are often much larger than average; the maximum recorded length is {{convert|60|cm|abbr=on}}. The British record is {{Convert|6|lb|2|oz|order=flip|abbr=on}}, but they grow larger in mainland Europe than in Britain. As of May 2016, the official all tackle world record recognised by the International Game Fish Association (IGFA) stands at {{convert|2.9|kg|lboz|abbr=on}} for a Finnish fish caught September 4, 2010.[4] In January 2010 a perch with a weight of 3.75 kg (8 lb 4 oz) has been caught in the River Meuse, Netherlands.[5] Due to the low salinity levels of the Baltic Sea, especially around the Finnish archipelago and Bothnian Sea, many freshwater fish live and thrive there. Perch especially are in abundance and grow to a considerable size due to the diet of Baltic herring. Distribution and habitatThe range of the European perch covers fresh water basins all over Europe, excluding the Iberian peninsula. Their range is known to reach the Kolyma River in Siberia to the east.[6] It is also common in some of the brackish waters of the Baltic Sea.[8] European perch has been widely introduced, with reported adverse ecological impact after introduction.[6] The European perch lives in slow-flowing rivers, deep lakes and ponds. It tends to avoid cold or fast-flowing waters but some specimens penetrate waters of these type, although they do not breed in this habitat.[8] Behaviour and reproductionThe perch is a predatory species. Juveniles feed on zooplankton, bottom invertebrate fauna and other perch fry, while adults feed on both invertebrates and fish, mainly sticklebacks, perch, roach and minnows.[8] Perch start eating other fish when they reach a size of around 120 mm.[12] Male perch become sexually mature at between one and two years of age, females between two and four.[7] In the northern hemisphere they spawn between February and July,[8] depositing their eggs on water plants or the branches of trees or shrubs immersed in the water.[6] There has been speculation, but only anecdotal evidence, that eggs stick to the legs of wading birds and are then transferred to other waters.[8] TaxonomyThe first scientific description of the river perch was made by Peter Artedi in 1730. He defined the basic morphological signs of this species after studying perch from Swedish lakes. Artedi described its features, counting the fin rays scales and vertebrae of the typical perch. In 1758, Carl Linnaeus named it Perca fluviatilis.[9] His description was based on Artedi's research. Because of their similar appearance and ability to cross-breed, the yellow perch (Perca flavescens) has sometimes been classified as a subspecies of the European perch, in which case its trinomial name would be Perca fluviatilis flavescens.[10] FishingEuropean perch is fished for food and game fishing.[8] According to FAO statistics 28,920 tonnes were caught in 2013. Largest perch fishing countries were Russia, (15,242 tonnes), Finland (7,666 tonnes), Estonia (2,144 t), Poland (1,121 t) and Kazakhstan (1,103 t).[11] Baits for perch include minnows, goldfish, weather loaches, pieces of raw squid or pieces of raw fish (mackerel, bluey, jack mackerel, sardine), or brandling, red, marsh, and lob worms, maggots, shrimp (Caridina, Neocaridina, Palaemon, Macrobrachium) and peeled crayfish tails. The tackle needed is fine but strong. Artificial lures are also effective, particularly for medium-sized perch. It is possible to fly fish for perch using artificial flies tied for the purpose. Often, the flies required are "streamers" or bait-fish imitations and use flash, colour and movement to entice a take from the perch.[12] PredatorsEuropean perch is a frequent prey of many fish-eating predators like great cormorant[13][14] or common kingfisher.[15][16] Diseases and parasitesCucullanus elegans is a species of parasitic nematode. It is an endoparasite of the European perch.[17] Juvenile perch are commonly infected by Camallanus lacustris (Nematoda), Proteocephalus percae, Bothriocephalus claviceps, Glanitaenia osculata, Triaenophorus nodulosus (all Cestoda) and Acanthocephalus lucii (Acanthocephala)[18]Perch in cultureThe European perch is Finland’s national fish.[19] It is also pictured in emblems of several European towns and municipalities, such as Bad Buchau, Gröningen and Schönberg, Plön. References1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/fishing/pests-diseases/freshwater-pests/species/redfin-perch |title=Redfin perch |publisher=NSW Government |access-date=23 January 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.arkive.org/perch/perca-fluviatilis/ |title=Perch (Perca fluviatilis) |website=ARKive |publisher=Wildscreen |access-date=25 January 2017 |quote= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202123529/http://www.arkive.org/perch/perca-fluviatilis/ |archive-date=2017-02-02 |dead-url=yes |df= }} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/kalat/perch |title=Perch |last= |first= |date= |website=Luontoportti |publisher= |access-date= 25 January 2017}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://wrec.igfa.org/WRecordsList.aspx?lc=AllTackle&cn=Perch,%20European|title= Official World Record|publisher=The International Game Fish Association |access-date=23 January 2017}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.fisch-hitparade.de/fischhitparade/fang_anzeigen.php?fid=9854 |title=Fischdaten |date=2010 |website=Fisch-Hitparade |publisher= |access-date=23 January 2017 |language=de}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url= http://www.fishbase.org/Summary/Perca-fluviatilis |title= Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758|work= FishBase|accessdate= 2015-10-17}} 7. ^1 {{Cite journal | author = J. Freyhof | author2 = M. Kottelat | last-author-amp = yes | title = Perca fluviatilis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2008 | page = e.T16580A6135168 | date = 2008 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T16580A6135168.en }} 8. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/post/Is_there_scientific_proof_that_water_fowl_can_transport_fish_eggs_from_one_water_body_to_an_other |title=Is there (scientific) proof that water fowl can transport fish eggs from one water body to an other? |last= |first= |date=2014 |website= |publisher=ResearchGate |access-date= 23 January 2017}} 9. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.fishbase.org/Nomenclature/SynonymsList.php?ID=358&SynCode=29476&GenusName=Perca&SpeciesName=fluviatilis |title= Synonyms of Perca fluviatilis Linnaeus, 1758|work= FishBase|accessdate= 2009-11-23}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=322958 |title=Perca fluviatilis flavescens (Mitchill, 1814) – unaccepted |last= Bailly |first= N |date= 2015 |website=World Register of Marine Species |publisher= |access-date= 24 January 2016}} 11. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url= http://www.fao.org/fishery/species/2298/en |title= Species Fact Sheet (incl. link to FishStat) |date= |website= |publisher= FAO |access-date=17 October 2015 }} 12. ^{{Cite news|url=https://blog.fishtec.co.uk/perch-on-the-fly|title=Perch On The Fly|date=2016-11-28|work=Fishtec|access-date=2018-11-12|language=en-GB}} 13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Čech, M., Čech, P., Kubečka, J., Prchalová, M., Draštík, V|title=Size selectivity in summer and winter diets of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo): Does it reflect season-dependent difference in foraging efficiency?|journal=Waterbirds|date=2008|volume=31|issue=3|pages=438–447|jstor=25148353|doi=10.1675/1524-4695-31.3.438}} 14. ^{{cite journal|last1=Čech M., Vejřík, L.|title=Winter diet of great cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo) on the River Vltava: estimate of size and species composition and potential for fish stock losses|journal=Folia Zoologica|date=2011|volume=60|issue=2|pages=129–142|doi=10.25225/fozo.v60.i2.a7.2011}} 15. ^{{cite journal|last1=Čech M., Čech P.|title=Non-fish prey in the diet of an exclusive fish-eater: the Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis.|journal=Bird Study|date=2015|volume=62|issue=4|pages=457–465|doi=10.1080/00063657.2015.1073679}} 16. ^{{cite journal|last1=Čech M., Čech P|title=Effect of brood size on food provisioning rate in Common Kingfisher Alcedo atthis|journal=Ardea|date=2017|volume=105|issue=1|pages=5–17|doi=10.5253/arde.v105i1.a3}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=873902 |title=Cucullanus elegans Rudolphi, 1802 |last= |first= |date= |website=World Register of Marine Species |publisher= |access-date=24 January 2017 |quote=}} 18. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kuchta, R., Čech, M., Scholz, T., Soldánová, M., Levron, C., Škoríková, B.|title=Endoparasites of European perch Perca fluviatilis fry: role of spatial segregation|journal=Diseases of Aquatic Organisms|date=2009|volume=86|pages=87–91|doi=10.3354/dao02090}} 19. ^{{cite web |url=https://finland.fi/life-society/iconic-finnish-nature-symbols-stand-out/ |title=Iconic Finnish nature symbols stand out |last=Weaver |first=Fran |date=2014 |website=thisisFinland |publisher=Finland Promotion Board |access-date= 28 January 2017}} External links{{Commons|Perca fluviatilis}}
7 : Perch|Fish of the Baltic Sea|Freshwater fish of Europe|Fish of Asia|Fish of Russia|National symbols of Finland|Fish described in 1758 |
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