| 词条 | Eustachy Tyszkiewicz |
| 释义 |
Count Eustachy Tyszkiewicz of Leliwa coat of arms (18 April 1814 in Lahoysk – 25 August 1874 in Vilnius) was a Polish noble from the Tyszkiewicz family. He was an archaeologist and historian of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania and White Ruthenia, then part of the Russian Empire. He was noted as the first archaeologist with academic and systematical approach to studies of in the Belarusian and Lithuanian lands, and had a great influence on the upcoming generations of archaeologists.[1] In 1855, on the basis of his personal collection of archaeological and historical artifacts, he founded the Museum of Antiquities in Vilnius (Vilna, Wilno), which is considered to be the predecessor of the National Museum of Lithuania. Eustachy was a brother of historian Konstanty Tyszkiewicz. BiographyIn his memoirs, Tyszkiewicz indicated that he was born in Minsk not in Lahoysk as researchers believe.[2] Tyszkiewicz spent his childhood at the family estate in Lahoysk.[3] He started his studies at the {{ill|Vilnius Gymnasium|lt|Vilniaus gimnazijos|ru|Виленские мужские гимназии}}, but due to poor health he transferred to Minsk.[4] After the graduation in 1831,[5] he began his career with the government in 1833 at the Chapter of the Orders of Russian Tsars.[6] At the same time, he collected archival information on the history of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in Moscow and Saint Petersburg.[5] He then held various government jobs at various locations: at the office of the Vilna Governorate-General (1835–1838), the Kraków Governorate (1838–1840), and {{ill|Little-Russian Governorate-General|ru|Малороссийское генерал-губернаторство}} (1840), school inspector of the Barysaw District and marshal of nobility (1842–1848), curator of the {{ill|Minsk Men's Gymnasium|ru|Минская мужская гимназия}} (1848–1854).[5][6] In 1853, he was appointed as supervisor of Vilnius psychiatric hospital. He held the titles of collegiate assessor and kammerjunker. For his service the state he received several awards, including the Order of Saint Stanislaus (2nd class) in 1856 and Order of Saint Anna (2nd class) in 1860.[6] In May 1855, Tsar Alexander II of Russia approved the Vilnius Archaeological Commission and the Museum of Antiquities. The basis of the initial museum collection was about 6,000 items gifted by Tyszkiewicz – more than half of the items were books, while other items were coins, medals, portraits, engravings, historical artifacts.[11] Tyszkiewicz chaired the commission and curated the museum until it was nationalized and reorganized after the failed Uprising of 1863. After losing his life's work, he retired to the Astravas Manor near Biržai which belonged to his relative Michał Tyszkiewicz.[4] There he studied local history, organized manor's library and archives of the Radziwiłł family, wrote historical studies and compiled primary sources for publication.[3] He returned to Vilnius in 1871, where he died in 1874 and was buried in the Rasos cemetery.[14] Archaeology and Antiquities MuseumTyszkiewicz is best remembered as the "father of archaeology" in the lands of the former Grand Duchy of Lithuania.[15] Starting in 1837, he carried our archaeological excavations Trakai Peninsula Castle but focused on tumuli. He excavated about half a hundred[16] tumuli near Kernavė, Halshany, Barysaw, Kreva, Lida, Lahoysk. He took a systematic approach to discovered artifacts and categorized them according to the three-age system into the Stone, Bronze, and Iron Ages.[5] He published his first studies in various journals 1837–1841 and a separate monograph, the first book devoted to archaeology in Lithuania, in 1842.[4] It described remains of medieval castles, hill forts, tumuli, bronze and iron artifacts, etc.[19] The publication was well received and acted as a textbook of archaeology for others. It was translated to Russian in 1843 and German 1846.[15] Based on the archaeological findings, he studied the Krivichs, a Slavic tribe, their territory and trade.[21] He systematically analyzed similarities and differences of the tumuli of different regions and tribes.[15] In 1872, he published his third significant work on archaeology in which he outlined the developments over the last few decades.[19] Tyszkiewicz started making plans for a learned society (in the vacuum created by the closure of Vilnius University in 1832) after moving to Vilnius in 1835. At the suggestion of Theodor Narbut, he also started thinking about a history museum.[4] In 1843, he toured Scandinavian countries, establishing contacts with various historical societies and gathering ideas for the future museum. He purchased a house in Antakalnis and opened a cabinet of antiquities to the public in 1847.[4] He petitioned the Tsarist administration for a permission to open a public museum twice, in 1848 and 1851, but the Museum of Antiquities was approved only in 1855. The Vilnius Archaeological Commission, which Tyszkiewicz chaired, acted as a de facto learned society. The museum was popular and its collections grew tenfold from 6,000 items donated by Tyszkiewicz to more than 67,000 items in 1865.[28] After the failed Uprising of 1863, Tsarist authorities instituted a number of strict Russification policies and nationalized the museum. Many valuable items, particularly those related to the former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, were removed to the Rumyantsev Museum in Moscow.[29] Tyszkiewicz formally oversaw the transformation of the museum into a department of the Vilnius Public Library and officially resigned from the museum in September 1867. He was a member of the St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences, Imperial Russian Archaeological Society, Royal Society of Northern Antiquities in Kopenhagen, Royal Swedish Academy of Letters, History and Antiquities in Stockholm, and Royal Archaeological Institute in London.[21][32] Selected worksTyszkiewicz published several works, including:[5]
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |first=Reda |last=Griškaitė |url=https://naujienos.alfa.lt/leidinys/iq/paveldo-kolekcininkas/ |title= Paveldo kolekcininkas |journal=IQ |date=August 2014 |volume=8 |issue=53 |pages=94–97 |issn=2029-4417 |language=lt}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]2. ^1 {{cite journal |first=Nastazija |last=Keršytė |title=Vilniaus senienų ir Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejai. Tradicijos ir pokyčiai |journal=Kultūrologija |volume=18 |year=2010 |pages=204–206 |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=178316 |language=lt |issn=1822-2242}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |first=Nastazija |last=Keršytė |title=Eustachijus Tiškevičius ir lietuvių etnologija |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=49621 |journal=Kultūrologija |volume=15 |year=2007 |page=47 |language=lt |issn=1822-2242}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite journal |first=Libertas |last=Klimka |title=200 metų, kai gimė Eustachijus Tiškevičius (1814–1873) |url=http://www.ziemgala.lt/saugykla/pdf/14-klimka_1.pdf |language=lt |journal=Gimtasai kraštas |year=2014 |pages=107–108 |issn=2029-0101}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |first1=Albinas |last1=Kuncevičius |first2=Justina |last2=Poškienė |title=Žvilgsnis į Lietuvos archeologijos paveldo apsaugos ištakas |issn=1392-6748 |doi=10.15388/ArchLit.2017.18.11712 |journal=Archaeologia Lituana |year=2017 |volume=18 |language=lt |url=http://www.zurnalai.vu.lt/archaeologia-lituana/article/view/11712/10362 |pages=34–35}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web | url=http://museum.logoysk.info/en/tyszkiewicz/52-dynasty/2612-eustace-tyszkiewicz.html |title=Eustachy Tyszkiewicz |publisher=Virtual Museum of Logoysk |accessdate=9 November 2018}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |first=Ingrida |last=Pajedaitė |date=2014-12-02 | url=http://www.mab.lt/Tiskevicius/01-biografija.html |title=Biografija |work=Eustachijaus Tiškevičiaus rankraštinio palikimo atodangos |language=lt |publisher=Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 8. ^1 {{cite web |first=Ingrida |last=Pajedaitė |date=2014-12-02 | url=http://www.mab.lt/Tiskevicius/03-kilme.html |title=Kilmė |work=Eustachijaus Tiškevičiaus rankraštinio palikimo atodangos |language=lt |publisher=Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 9. ^1 {{cite web |first=Ingrida |last=Pajedaitė |date=2014-12-02 | url=http://www.mab.lt/Tiskevicius/11-pripazinimas.html |title=Tarptautinis pripažinimas |work=Eustachijaus Tiškevičiaus rankraštinio palikimo atodangos |language=lt |publisher=Wroblewski Library of the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences |accessdate=16 November 2018}} 10. ^1 {{cite journal |first=Jolita |last=Mulevičiūtė |title=Uždrausti paminklai: Vilniaus senienų muziejaus reorganizavimas ir jo padariniai |journal=Lietuvos istorijos metraštis |year=2003 |volume=2 |issn= 0202-3342 |url=http://talpykla.istorija.lt/bitstream/handle/99999/3930/LIM%202003%202%203%20J.%20Mulevi%c4%8di%c5%abt%c4%97%2c%20U%c5%bedrausti%20paminklai%20Vilniaus%20senien%c5%b3muziejaus%20reorganizavimas%20ir%20jo%20padariniai%2c%20p.%2045-64.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |language=lt |pages=52–53}} 11. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last=Ruzas |first=Vincas |last2=Sinčiuk |first2=Ivan |chapter=Eustachijaus Tiškevičiaus apdovanojimo dokumentai |title=Eustachijus Tiškevičius: darbai ir kontekstai |editor-first1=Žygintas |editor-last1=Būčys |editor-first2=Reda |editor-last2=Griškaitė |location=Vilnius |publisher=Lietuvos nacionalinis muziejus |year= 2014 |isbn=978-609-8039-55-9 |chapterurl=https://www.academia.edu/31644475/Ruzas_V._Sin%C4%8Diuk_I._Eustachijaus_Ti%C5%A1kevi%C4%8Diaus_apdovanojimo_dokumentai_Eustachijus_Ti%C5%A1kevi%C4%8Dius_darbai_ir_kontekstai._Mokslo_straipsni%C5%B3_rinkinys._Vilnius_2014._P.290-305 |language=lt |pages=291–292, 298, 301, 305 }} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |first=Petras |last=Tarasenka |url=http://lad.lt/data/com_ladlibrary/98/3-52.pdf |title=Lietuvos archeologijos medžiaga |year=1928 |series=Švietimo ministerijos Knygų leidimo komisijos leidinys |location=Kaunas |language=lt |oclc=864220046 |pages=11, 22}} 13. ^1 {{cite book | last = Venclova | first = Tomas | authorlink = Tomas Venclova | title = Vilniaus vardai | publisher =R. Paknio leidykla | date = 2006 | location = Vilnius | isbn = 9986-830-96-6 | page = 174 }} 14. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Vilniaus-senienu-muziejus-107861 |title=Vilniaus senienų muziejus |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |date=2014-06-26 |language=lt}} 15. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.vle.lt/Straipsnis/Eustachijus-Tiskevicius-95862 |title=Eustachijus Tiškevičius |encyclopedia=Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija |publisher=Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras |date=2013-06-03 |language=lt}} }}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Tyszkiewicz, Eustachy}} 15 : 1814 births|1874 deaths|People from Lahoysk District|Polish archaeologists|Polish historians|Polish antiquarians|Historians of Lithuania|Honorary Members of the St Petersburg Academy of Sciences|Tyszkiewicz family|Counts of Poland|19th-century historians|Lithuanian collectors|Museologists|Recipients of the Order of Saint Stanislaus, 2nd class|Recipients of the Order of St. Anna, 2nd class |
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