| 词条 | Evergreen Cemetery (Adams County, Pennsylvania) | ||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Evergreen Cemetery | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = Evercemadams 121512.jpg | image_size = | alt = | caption = Ginnie Wade Monument, location of platform for Gettysburg Address and Soldiers National Monument (L to R) are marked on the horizon. The oldest section (A) of the cemetery appears behind the Parrott rifled cannon. | map_type = Pennsylvania | map_size = | map_caption = | established = 1854 | abandoned = | location = Cumberland Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania[1] | country = United States | coordinates = {{coord|39.820764|N|77.22928|W|display=inline,title}} | type = | style = | owner = | size = {{convert|17.65|acres|abbr=on}} | graves = | interments = | cremations = | leases = | website = | findagraveid = 44774 | politicalgeo = | footnotes = | nrhp = | embedded = }} Evergreen Cemetery – formerly called Citizen's Cemetery[2][3] and Ever Green Cemetery – is a historic 29.12 acre private cemetery located just outside Gettysburg Borough, in Cumberland Township, Adams County, Pennsylvania.[1] It is part of Gettysburg Battlefield Historic District, and is surrounded by Gettysburg National Military Park and Soldiers' National Cemetery. The cemetery played a strategic role in the July 1 to 3, 1863 Battle of Gettysburg. Four months after the battle, at the dedication of the immediately-adjacent National Cemetery, President Abraham Lincoln delivered his "Gettysburg Address" from a platform in Evergreen Cemetery.[2][3] HistoryFoundingThe Ever Green Cemetery Association of Gettysburg was established at a November 29, 1853 meeting.[7] The association managed the property and oversaw selection of its caretakers. By April 3, 1854, 118 lots had been sold, and the association members' first payments were due.[4] The first interment took place on October 29.[9] Opening ceremonies were held on November 7, 1854,[9] and in his [https://archive.org/details/addressdelivered00dosh dedication address] Reverend John H. C. Dosh asked, "Could a more lovely spot have been chosen?"[5] The Evergreen Cemetery gatehouse was designed by Philadelphia architect Stephen Decatur Button, built by local contractors George and Henry Chritzman, and completed in November 1855.[12] The Italianate gatehouse served as the caretaker residence.{{Citation needed|date=February 2012}} Battle of GettysburgEvergreen Cemetery is eponymous with Cemetery Hill,[13] the landform noted as the keystone of the Union position during the Battle of Gettysburg.[6] Major-General Oliver Otis Howard lined the cemetery's high ground with cannons, turning it into an "artillery platform,"[7] and made its gatehouse into XI Corps (Union Army) headquarters.[8] At dusk on July 2, 5 Louisiana regiments under Brigadier-General Harry T. Hays and 3 North Carolina regiments under Colonel Isaac E. Avery commenced the Battle of East Cemetery Hill, charging Howard's artillery batteries from the east. "Federal soldiers in the Cemetery laid many of the tombstones on the ground" to limit damage,[17] and some of the XI Corps batteries and infantry used the grave monuments "for shelter from the enemy's fire".[18] Historian Frederick Hawthorne wrote of Howard's successful defense: “Lying in reserve in the Evergreen Cemetery, they (73rd Pennsylvania Infantry) rushed out through the cemetery gateway to help drive the Confederates away from Rickett’s and Weidrich’s batteries.”[9] Evergreen experienced three days as battlefield, and its resulting condition inspired a Union officer to lament: "A beautiful cemetery it was, but now is trodden down, laid a waste, desecrated. The fences are all down, the many graves have been run over, beautiful lots with iron fences and splendid monuments have been destroyed or soiled, and our infantry and artillery occupy those sacred grounds where the dead are sleeping. It is enough to make one mourn."[10] Two Confederate soldiers mortally wounded during the battle were buried in Evergreen Cemetery.[11] Post-battleThe Consecration of the National Cemetery at Gettysburg took place on November 19, 1863. The speaker's platform used by orator Edward Everett, and then by President Abraham Lincoln to deliver his Gettysburg Address, was located just east of the National Cemetery, on the grounds of Evergreen Cemetery.[12] From 1893 to 1916, the Gettysburg Electric Railway operated along the cemetery's east and south borders. Following the 1917 demolition of the trolley railway, Evergreen Cemetery expanded southward.{{Specify|reason=how many acres?|date=February 2012}} In 1972, the "Evergreen Cemetery archway house" was designated an historic district contributing structure by the Gettysburg Borough Council[13] (1 of 38 outside of the borough).[14] Civilian remains at the site of the 1804 Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church cemetery were reinterred at Evergreen Cemetery in 1992.[26] {{clear}}Photo galleryReferences1. ^{{cite web|last=Adams County|title=Public Interactive GIS Mapping|url=http://173.163.156.193/Freeance/Client/PublicKiosk1/index.html?appconfig=test_kiosk|work=Parcel ID: 09F13-0150---000|accessdate=1 July 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121128155647/http://173.163.156.193/Freeance/Client/PublicKiosk1/index.html?appconfig=test_kiosk|archivedate=November 28, 2012|df=mdy-all}} [16][17][18]2. ^{{cite web|last=Historical Marker Database|title=The Gettysburg Address|url=http://www.hmdb.org/marker.asp?marker=16869|accessdate=5 May 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=National Cemetery Walking Tour|url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf|accessdate=5 May 2013}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=SDNreWq1RjYC&dat=18540403&printsec=frontpage&hl=en|title=Article|work=The Adams Sentinel|date=Apr 3, 1854}} 5. ^Alfred L. Brophy, "The Road to the Gettysburg Address," Florida State University Law Review 43 (2016):831. 6. ^{{cite book| last = Pfanz| first = Harry| title = Gettysburg-Culp's Hill & Cemetery Hill| year = 1993| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press| location = Chapel Hill, North Carolina| isbn = 978-0-8078-2118-3| page = 263 }} 7. ^{{cite web|last=Barnett|first=Bert H|title="Our Position Was Finely Adapted To Its Use"-The Guns of Cemetery Hill|url=http://www.nps.gov/history/history/online_books/gett/gettysburg_seminars/11/essay8.pdf|work=Gettysburg Seminars|publisher=National Park Service|accessdate=March 9, 2013}} 8. ^{{Cite news |date=September 25, 1902 |title=Gen. Howard's Best Supper: Back to Gettysburg to Thank Mrs. Thorn 39 Years Later |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BvVXAAAAIBAJ&sjid=FUUNAAAAIBAJ&pg=6244,20107&dq=evergreen-cemetery-house&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=Easton Daily Free Press |accessdate=2011-10-12 |quote=meal was eaten rather late on the night of July 1st, in the Evergreen Cemetery house,… which was the headquarters of General Howard from the evening of the first day's battle until the close, and was partaken of by…General Howard,…General Sickles and…General Slocum.}} 9. ^Hawthorne, Frederick W., Gettysburg: Stories of Men and Monuments, Hanover, Pennsylvania: The Association of Licensed Battlefield Guides, 1988, p. 107. 10. ^{{cite book| last = Pfanz| first = Harry| title = Gettysburg-Culp's Hill & Cemetery Hill| year = 1993| publisher = The University of North Carolina Press| location = Chapel Hill, North Carolina| isbn = 978-0-8078-2118-3| pages = 263–283 }} 11. ^{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=QIcyAAAAIBAJ&sjid=kOYFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6862,815068&dq=evergreen-cemetery+superintendent+gettysburg&hl=en|title=Confederate soldiers get headstones 127 yrs later|author=Bill Neil|work=Gettysburg Times|date=Jul 11, 1990}} 12. ^{{cite web|last=National Park Service|title=National Cemetery Walking Tour|url=http://www.nps.gov/gett/planyourvisit/upload/National%20Cemetery%20brochure-2.pdf|accessdate=December 15, 2012}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Borough of Gettysburg …historic crossroads |url=http://www.gettysburg-pa.gov/historic_preservation.htm |publisher=Borough Office |accessdate=2011-04-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110612121931/http://www.gettysburg-pa.gov/historic_preservation.htm |archivedate=June 12, 2011 |df=mdy-all }} 14. ^{{cite news |date=April 15, 1972 |title=List 38 More Properties In Historic Area |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3JZeAAAAIBAJ&sjid=EVENAAAAIBAJ&pg=4081,3876844&dq=toll-house+gettysburg&hl=en |via=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Gettysburg Times |accessdate=2012-03-18}} 15. ^{{cite book|last=Frassanito|first=William A.|title=Early Photography at Gettysburg|year=1995|publisher=Thomas Publications|location=Gettysburg, PA|isbn=0939631865|pages=160–167}} 16. ^1 {{cite news |last=Bartlett |first=Joanne |date=June 10, 1995 |title=Remains from 16 old graves on Ice House Property reburied |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=YxAmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=sP0FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5067%2C1218790 |newspaper=Gettysburg Times |accessdate=2012-02-25 |quote=The remains included six adults, nine children [only a finger bone of one] and one adult. …discovered in the spring of 1992 when at the former church site.}} 17. ^1 {{cite book| last = Beitel| first = Calvin Gustavus| title = A Digest of Titles of Corporations Chartered by the Legislature…| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Zr0ZAAAAYAAJ| format = Google books| accessdate = 2011-11-22| year = 1874| publisher = J. Campbell & son }} For the Senate bill committed earlier, see {{cite news |date=February 6, 1854 |title=Ever Green Cemetery |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rs4lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=DfMFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7154,4819609&dq=1854+ever-green+gettysburg&hl=en |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Adams Sentinel |accessdate=2011-07-16 |quote=On Tuesday last, in the Senate of Pa., Mr. McClintock, from the Committee on Corporations, reported, as committed, the bill to incorporate the Ever Green Cemetery Association of Gettysburg}} 18. ^1 {{cite news |date=July 20, 1863 |title=Battle of Gettysburg |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Xn4lAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pvIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6776%2C5036972 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Compiler |accessdate=2012-02-26}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=All famous names: Evergreen Cemetery |url=http://www.findagrave.com/php/famous.php?page=cem&previousJumpTo=&previousFameFilter=&FScemeteryid=44774&fameLevel=all |publisher=FindAGrave.com |accessdate=2011-05-07}} 20. ^{{cite news |date=June 30, 1885 |title=Cemetery |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=OFQmAAAAIBAJ&sjid=JgAGAAAAIBAJ&pg=560%2C3115694 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=Gettysburg Compiler |accessdate=2011-07-16 |quote=Dr. J. A. Swope, in his report as President of Evergreen Cemetery Association… The gateway is to be thoroughly repaired and a brick lodge built for the keeper and family.}} 21. ^1 {{cite news |date=September 5, 1923 |title=General Gettys' Grandson Here |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=UaElAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HvgFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1568%2C474996 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Gettysburg Times |accessdate=2012-02-26 }} 22. ^1 {{cite book| last = Haskell| first = Frank A.| title = The Battle of Gettysburg| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Fx6M0ddGnj4C&pg=PA1| format = Google books| accessdate = 2012-03-08| origyear = 1910| year = 2006|edition=reprint| publisher = Kessinger Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4286-6012-0| page = 22| quote = The Eleventh Corps…was posted at the Cemetery, some of its batteries and troops, actually among the graves and monuments, which they used for shelter from the enemy's fire … [https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=JU4mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=G_8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=6712%2C7557515 rifled guns in the Cemetery], at the left of the Eleventh Corps, opened fire—almost the first shots of any kind this morning…at a Rebel line of skirmishers }} 23. ^1 {{cite web |last=Kennell |first=Brian A |title=Gatehouse Miniatures |url=http://www.evergreencemetery.org/collect2.htm |publisher=EvergreenCemetery.org |accessdate=2011-10-12}} 24. ^1 {{cite sign |title=799 Evergreen Cemetery Est. 1854 |url=http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=44774 |publisher= ) }} 25. ^1 {{cite book |last=Skelly |first=Daniel Alexander |year=1999|origyear=1932 booklet |title=A Boy's Experiences During the Battle of Gettysburg |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222002434/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/skelly.htm |url=http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/skelly.htm |archivedate=December 22, 2010 |quote=Reaching the Citizens Cemetery we found a battery of artillery posted there… The soldiers stopped us and would not let us pass. |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }} 26. ^1 2 {{cite news |date=April 22, 1880 |title=Public Cemetery |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y08mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=U_8FAAAAIBAJ&pg=5983%2C3347993 |format=Google News Archive |newspaper=The Star and Sentinel |accessdate=2012-01-18 }} 27. ^1 {{cite web |title=East Cemetery Hill – Gettysburg, PA |url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WM9P2P_East_Cemetery_Hill_Gettysburg_PA |work=American Guide Series on Waymarking.com |accessdate=2012-02-26}} [21][22][23][24][25][26][27] External links
Further reading
6 : American Civil War cemeteries|Buildings and structures in Adams County, Pennsylvania|Cemetery Hill|Cemeteries in Pennsylvania|Gettysburg Battlefield|1854 establishments in Pennsylvania |
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